Introduction To Stoichiometry

One of the most important parts of chemistry is stoichiometry. Stoichiometry is the study of the quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. The word comes from the Greek  words:  stoicheion  (element) and  metron  (measure). Sometimes youll see stoichiometry covered by another name: mass relations. Its a more easily pronounced way of saying the same thing. Stoichiometry Basics Mass relations are based on three important laws. If you keep these laws in mind, youll be able to make valid predictions and calculations for a chemical reaction. Law of Conservation of Mass - mass of the products equals the mass of the reactantsLaw of Multiple Proportions - the mass of one element combines with a fixed mass of another element in a ratio of whole numbersLaw of Constant Composition - all samples of a given chemical compound have the same elemental composition Common Stoichiometry Concepts and Problems The quantities in stoichiometry problems  are expressed in atoms, grams, moles, and units of volume, which means you need to be comfortable with unit conversions and basic math. To work mass-mass relations, you need to know how to write and balance chemical equations.  Youll need a calculator and a periodic table. Heres information you need to understand before you start work with stoichiometry: How the Periodic Table WorksWhat a Mole IsUnit Conversions (Worked Examples)Convert Grams To Moles (Step By Step Instructions) A typical problem gives you an equation, asks you to balance it, and to determine the amount of reactant or product under certain conditions. For example, you may be given the following chemical equation: 2 A 2 B → 3 C and asked, if you have 15 grams of A, how much C can you expect from the reaction if it goes to completion? This would a be a mass-mass question. Other typical problem types are molar ratios, limiting reactant, and theoretical yield calculations. Why Stoichiometry Is Important You cant understand chemistry without grasping the basics of stoichiometry because it helps you predict how much of a reactant participates in a chemical reaction, how much product youll get, and how much reactant might be left over. Tutorials and Worked Example Problems From here, you can explore specific stoichiometry topics: How To Balance EquationsExample of Balancing an EquationUnderstanding Molar RatiosHow To Find the Limiting ReactantHow To Calculate Theoretical Yield Quiz Yourself Do you think you understand stoichiometry? Test yourself with this quick quiz.

Analysis Of The Movie The - 895 Words

Unexpected Niall sat on his couch wondering how everything went wrong. He should have stopped her from leaving. Was he really that desperate to force a liar to stay in love with him? His shaky hands feel around for the cool glass. The alcohol burns his lungs, but they dull the pain in his heart. â€Å"Did you start drinking without me?† That soft giggle rings out, causing Niall to turn with a smirk. â€Å"Hey, I’m glad you are finally here.† There she was, Nora, his best friend. She was tall, curvy, and she had these brown eyes that put Liam’s eyes to shame. â€Å"How bad was it?† Nora asks looking up from her beer bottle. â€Å"Well, she said that I cheated on her.† â€Å"Let me guess, it was with me?† Nora snorts the minute she sees Niall nod his head. Everyone thought that she was either cheating with Niall or he was cheating with her. They were just best friends that enjoyed a nice pint over some football. â€Å"Well, it is her lo ss.† â€Å"Yeah, we didn’t even have sex.† â€Å"Wow, she is really missing out.† Nora jokes. She had felt something for Niall a long time ago, but chalked it up to being lonely. Niall had always wondered what it was like to kiss his best friend, but fear kept him from getting near her. â€Å"Hey, do you remember that drinking game we used to play?† Niall asks really needing to get drunk fast. The game was really stupid, and an easy way to get drunk. Nora would start with a word, and they would keep saying words back and forth. The minute someone paused to think about the next wordShow MoreRelatedMovie Analysis : Movie 991 Words   |  4 Pages Film Analysis #3 The movie is an excellent portrayal of the current situation of our lifestyle in this generation. To be frank, it is a deep movie that has humor to help captivate and keep the attention of the audience drawn in. The movie starts of in the beginning with a man named Theodore and is life is currently empty of void of purpose and love. His life is mundane and he does not know what to do. There is flashbacks of what we can quickly determine what seemed like his former wife but theyRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Movie 902 Words   |  4 Pages(computer-generated imagery) effects and poor lighting. The solid cast and a promising new director unsuccessfully captured the overall message of the script. In a movie where â€Å"love† serves as the main motive behind the main characters’ actions, one can’t help but notice the movie itself felt cold and emotionless. The plot twist at the end of the movie not only clashed with the main character’s actions, but it also f ailed to muster up a significant emotional connection to the audience. TranscendenceRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Movie Crash 1662 Words   |  7 Pagesyou need to know in a short amount of time.When it comes to the textual analysis of it all it all depends on how the script is written not only that but how the script is played out in the film. In the textual analysis of a film you have to really pay attention to the environment during the film. You have to pay attention to the race in the film, the themes throughout the film and the gender roles played in the film. In the movie Crash we see many pairs where they each have their own different pointsRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Movie 1072 Words   |  5 Pagesarrival, she notices that her family maid is gone. After a multitude of events take place, she decides to write a book about the relationship between black maids and society. The movie shows how the town reacts to the release of the book and the lives of many of the black maids and the families they served. Throughout this movie, there are many stereotypes, images, and representations of gender, class, and race and demonstrate intersectionality. This paper, will outline these categories are portrayedRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Movie 1092 Words   |  5 PagesAimee’ Jo Bartolome Cmst 106; Section 53766 Summary The movie I chose to watch is â€Å"Clueless†. The film centers around a girl named Cher. She is a popular, attractive and wealthy teenage girl. She lives in a world of glamor and fashion. She lives in a Beverly Mansion with her widowed father. Dionne, Cher’s best friend, is equally rich and attractive. They both have a mindset that being fashionable and luxurious is considered high up the pedestal of popularity. She has an older ex-stepbrother namedRead MoreMovie Analysis: The Movie Anchorman1101 Words   |  5 PagesThe movie Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy is based in the 1970s. It depicts the highly male dominated broadcast team and shows the shake up when a woman is hired as a reporter and has aspirations of becoming an anchor the television station. The particular scene shows Ron Burgundy is flustered because Veronica Coringstone is impeding on his masculinity. Burgundy exemplifies hegemonic masculinity by explaining he is a man and a professional, when Co ringstone says he his acting like a baby heRead MoreMovie Analysis : Film Analysis Of The Movie The Help796 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Help† Analysis Paper During the 1960’s , americans underwent an era of critical issues in the United States. Throughout this time, the United States was in a stage of racial issues where racism was still openly accepted of society. The struggle by African-Americans to achieve rights equal to those that white people received was also known as the Civil Rights Movement. That included having an opportunity in employment, voting rights, having access to public facilities, education andRead MoreMovie Analysis : Movie Of A Film 2032 Words   |  9 Pagesbe able to come up with their own meaning instead of just giving it to them. They want the audience to think as they watch the movie, instead of sitting there blank. So what is an auteur? An auteur, defined from our book, is a â€Å"a director or other creative intelligence with a recognizable and distinctive style who is considered the prime ‘author’ of a film† (Film Analysis 1063). An auteur creates movies as a form of a rt to portray what they feel to people. They can portray feelings of politics, loveRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Movie Sicko 1559 Words   |  7 Pages1) Thoughts about overall movie I think Michael Moore’s movie Sicko educates audience on not to take too kindly, not to look too positive on notorious America’s health care system. I think it reveals that America’s health care is market-driven, profit-oriented health insurance and health providers where as in Canada, United Kingdom, Cuba, and France, health care is free. But, I also think that the movie overall looks too much negative aspects of USA health care system and too positive onRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Movie Aloha 1191 Words   |  5 PagesWe live in a white supremacist society. There is a system set in place that favors white people and it’s been this way since the founding of America. Racism in Hollywood is no different, since its conception Hollywood’s preference for white faces has been clear and continuous. From the 1915 film Birth of a Nation to Cameron Crowe’s 2015 film Aloha, Hollywood’s has proven time and time again that we are not liv ing in a post racial society. Racism within Hollywood can be seen in different forms, from

Compare or Contrast Public and Private Companies Free Essays

In today’s highly commercial world, one of the key objectives of starting a business is to make profit. While this might be true and important to every business, â€Å"most people believe that a business should not focus solely on profitability, but on the quality of products and services it offers to its customers†. This essay will discuss the various perspectives on the topic and will to a large extent agree with the view that businesses should not just focus on profit, by looking at customer desire for high quality product and their willingness to pay, then highlighting how focus on quality can lead to lower cost of product and profitability; as well as how quality influence organisation to be socially responsible, sustainable and profitable. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare or Contrast Public and Private Companies or any similar topic only for you Order Now First, a strong reason to concentrate on improving quality of product or services of an organisation is the fact that customers desires high quality good, and are willing to pay for value added. This was corroborated by (Nagar and Rajan 2001), who found out that â€Å"poor product quality reduces customer goodwill and loyalty which in turn affects future revenues as dissatisfied customers take their business elsewhere or pay less for the firm’s product. Such a product and the firm producing it acquire a bad reputation since poor product quality leaves a lasting impression on the consumer who perceives it as a low quality brand. In order for a product to be a perceived as a premium brand, a firm must continually improve on the quality of its products or services. A satisfied customer base lead to good brand perception and will open the door to numerous repeated purchases and referrals which will in turn help the firm to grow its market share, become more competitiveness and in crease its profitability. Focusing on quality significantly lowers cost of production at long run. Operations Management (Russell and Taylor, 2000) explains that, manufacturing of products to a high quality standard through implementation of quality management system have a large impact on overall quality cost reduction, it also argues that it saves time and money by reducing the amount of defective products that could result in wastes, thereby lowering significantly the costs of production, as well as cost to re-work defective products. Without a quality management system, poor-quality and defective products may finds their way into the market, through to the customer leading to warranty claims, product returns and in extreme litigation from product liability or injury to the customer. This may have a serious financial implication to the company as the costs associated with product recall and warranties would be enormous and in extreme case the damages imposed due to litigation could make the company insolvent, leading to a total collapse. However, an opposing view on this is that profit maximization is should be the main focus of the business as long as it pays its taxes and operates within the ambit of the law (Friedman, 1962). Certainly, this view may have worked for organisations in the 1800’s; it definitely does not apply in today’s modern and globalised world. The perspective is not only very narrow in view; it also fails to take into consideration other stakeholders who are affected by its activities of, but can also affect its existence. To these types of organisations, making ethical decisions is seen only from the viewpoint costly and profit. Organisations operating for profit alone are yet to appreciate the advantages of good corporate social responsibility and capitalize on it to grow their businesses in a sustainable and socially responsible manner. This drive for profit has led many to slash of employee’s benefits and salaries benefits; pollute the environment and cause permanent damage to the ecosystem all in bid to improve their bottom-line and many have earned a very bad reputation, suffer product boycott and tarnish their corporate image. In concluding this essay, as much as profit is very essential to the survival of a business, I want to agree that businesses should focus more on the improving quality of its products or services. This can be clearly seen to from the fact customer expects high quality at good value always, and because improving the quality will eventually bring down cost of production for a company. As well, quality focus drives a company to take ethical decisions and operate in a socially responsible and sustainable manner. It may be tempting for a business to sacrifice quality in order maximize its profit. However, it benefits will only be in the short term. A simple focus on profit maximization could destroy the continued existence of the business, not to mention the society in which it operates. A firm aiming extreme profit might purposefully cut corners during a project, knowing it gets the perks of a better quarter for now; knowing a future management team will have to deal with the damage of spill-induced lawsuit, fines, and a haul-up to it at the Criminal Court. How to cite Compare or Contrast Public and Private Companies, Essay examples

Romance free essay sample

Who would think that listening to hip hop music one would be influenced to live, think, and act a certain way? Joan Moorings Fly Girls, blotches, and hoes: Notes of a Hip Hop feminist, argues that the rampant sexism and machismo in hip hop music Is the fault of both African American men and women and damages the larger African community. She compares hip hop music to an abusive relationship. She states that hip hop music is the only way in which young black men are allowed to hide and express their pain. She believes that black men are engaged in war and, racism and white power structure have conditioned black men to believe the enemy is brown. She states that for most black men there is no trust, no community, and no family. She believes that hip hop is the mirror in which brothers see themselves. She states that black women are hurt when they hear black men calling them pitches and hoes. We will write a custom essay sample on Romance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She states that in the last thirty years the number of two-parent household has decreased from 70 to 38 percent. She says that the cause of death among black men ages fifteen to twenty-four Is homicide.The hip hop community creates sexism and schisms In the African American community because of the way hip hop artist dress, what they say and how they behave. Most hip hop performers dress In a very provocative way. Rap artist ill Kim want to the Grammar award wearing a purple sequence dress with one of her breast out covering the nipple with a piece of fabric. The men wear pants that expose their underwear and private area. The women wear short skirt and tight pants. They also wear half shirts with their bra showing and, cleavage hanging out. By dressing in a sexual way it makes the black community think that it is okay.In some of the hip hop songs the artist talks about expensive clothes. In the videos they show woman wearing tight clothes. The woman in these videos encourages young girls to dress like them. When these girls dress like the woman In the video they become poplar. While becoming poplar they gain friends and dress In style. Joan Morgan says weve all been recipients of the competitive way when Lung for male attention (5). This shows that woman dont have self-love for who they are. Most of hip hop songs encourage the use of improper English. Salt Shaker by Ill Jon amp: Stateside Boys states, Shasta crank on the floor wide openOcean Skeet so much they call her Billy Roll like an eighteen wheeler That hoe fine but this hoe a killer Shake it like a salt shaker She leaked, shes soaking wet In hip hop music slang are used. Some of the slang used are disks, hood rat, billing, blitz, silent, and grind. The slang that rappers use has become a language In the African American community. They use this slang because they dont want other races to know what they are talking about. Using slang make the black community more acceptable among there pears. With slang makes It easy for them to communicate with each other without sounding nerdy.By using improper English it Not only does improper English affect their ability to communicate but it will also affect the young children in school. Joan Morgan says, my feminism places the black community on its list of priorities (2). This shows that as a community things need to change. Hip hop music encourages deviant behavior. A deviant person behaves in a way that is not acceptable. Hip hop music encourages sex. In most hip hop music men talk about how big women breast and butt are. They also talk about going to bed with them. In the music videos there are scenes where there are men and women in bed half naked.

Introduction Essays (1794 words) - Ty Cobb, Cobb, Bill Armour

Introduction: Ty Cobb was the greatest baseball player that has ever lived, he also was the most influential on other baseball players. Who was Ty Cobb and what was his impact throughout the 20's? I propose to show his importance to baseball by giving examples of his determination to get to where he got to as a baseball player. Through the lessons and morals of hard work that his father had taught Ty as a boy, he was able to become a great hard-working baseball player. Although his personal life may not have been good at all, the way he played baseball earned himself a 24 season playing career in the American league, a batting record for runs scored of 2,245, runs batted in of 1,937, a record of 892 stolen bases, and his record of a batting average of .366 has still not been beaten. His record of 96 stolen bases in one season in 1915 was not beaten until 1962. Most people say Ty Cobb was a jerk, which is partially true, I even agree somewhat, but there was a soft side to Ty, "I was called a radical, a despot, a bad loser, a dirty player, and worse. Some of these words still hurt." (Cobb, 280) However, no one can deny his ability to play baseball. He took it one step further than anyone else did at that time. He showed that it was not a sport for people who were not rough, or did not want to be hit, or that there was any chance to be hurt somehow. He saw baseball as a great game of intelligence and athleticism. When I played baseball I didn't play for fun. To me it wasn't Parcheesi played under parchesi rules. Baseball is a red-blooded sport for red-blooded men. It's no pink tea, and mollycoddles had better stay out. It's a contest and everything implies, a struggle for supremacy, a survival of the fittest. Every man in the game from the minors on up, is not only fighting against the other side, but he's trying to hold onto his own job against those on his own bench who'd love to take it away. Why deny this? Why minimize it? Why not boldly admit it? (Cobb, 280) Body: Tyrus Raymond Cobb was born on December 18, 1886 in Royston, Georgia to a fifteen-year-old mother named Amanda Chitwood. Ty's father, William Herschel Cobb, was 23. They were married in 1883. William bought a 100-acre farm to supplement what he got for teaching school. This is where Ty grew up and where his father taught him the values of hard work and intensity. When Ty's father saw that Ty was good at farming and did not mind working, the two grew closer. Baseball was played very different then, from the way it is played now. "It was as gentlemanly as a kick in the crotch" (Cobb, 42) Ty spent a lot of his time playing baseball although his father disapproved. He says he started playing because he loved the competition, the battle of muscle and wits. When Ty was younger, he used to wind yarn around a small ball and make himself a baseball, then for the price of a few errands would find a leather maker that would make a cover for the ball. He played cow pasture baseball when he was 11 and 12 but had no ambition to make a career out of playing baseball. "...The new kid in town who owned a hittable ball could overcome social obstacles faster than a boy who didn't." (Cobb, 17) When Ty was not working on the farm with his father, he was playing baseball. William didn't like Ty playing baseball; he thought that Ty would become an alcoholic and a womanizer like the stereotype of baseball Stevenson, 4 players back then. When Ty was 17, he went to his father for permission to go try out for the South Atlantic League team in Augusta. William hesitated, but let Ty go so he could find that he didn't really want to be a baseball player, and would come back to be a doctor, lawyer, or military man. This is what he said to Ty, "You've chosen. So be it, son. Get it

Free Essays on Democracy in Athens

DEMOCRACY IN ATHENS The rise of the Athenian city-state took place c. 1000 BC. Athens is located on the mainland in an area known as Attica, across the straits of Messina from Sparta and Corinth. Dorian invaders overran the Ionian natives c. 1000 BC. Unlike the Spartans, the Dorians assimilated the Ionian culture and became peaceful. Athenians turned toward the sea for a living, establishing a strong commercial trade. Athens founded many colonies in the Aegean Sea. Many Athenians became wealthy thus creating a wide social gap between its people. Social classes developed in Athens creating friction among its people. All males whose mother and father were citizens could vote and take part in the government (Citizens). The rising merchant and artisan class (Metics) could not own land or take part in the government. About 1/2 of population were slaves - considered personal property but did have some safeguards against abuse. The early Athenian government was an aristocracy which controlled all facets of government. The Assembly (Ecclesia); comprised of all male citizens but had very little power initially. King; elected by the aristocrats and owed power to them. Archons 9 aristocrats chosen from the Assembly made all laws and executed them controlled all political facets of Athenian life Judges; aristocrats chosen from Assembly and were given the task of verbal interpretation of the law. A series of democratic reformers moved Athens from and aristocracy to a democracy over a period of 150 years. Draco (621 BC) elected as Archon in 621 BC and went on to write down existing verbal laws laws were harsh and severe but represented a significant step in democracy harsh laws are often called "Draconian". Solon (594 BC) appointed to deal with Athenian problems in 594 BC cancelled debt slavery gave citizenship to foreign artisans who promised to settle permanently in Athens "Solon" is n... Free Essays on Democracy in Athens Free Essays on Democracy in Athens DEMOCRACY IN ATHENS The rise of the Athenian city-state took place c. 1000 BC. Athens is located on the mainland in an area known as Attica, across the straits of Messina from Sparta and Corinth. Dorian invaders overran the Ionian natives c. 1000 BC. Unlike the Spartans, the Dorians assimilated the Ionian culture and became peaceful. Athenians turned toward the sea for a living, establishing a strong commercial trade. Athens founded many colonies in the Aegean Sea. Many Athenians became wealthy thus creating a wide social gap between its people. Social classes developed in Athens creating friction among its people. All males whose mother and father were citizens could vote and take part in the government (Citizens). The rising merchant and artisan class (Metics) could not own land or take part in the government. About 1/2 of population were slaves - considered personal property but did have some safeguards against abuse. The early Athenian government was an aristocracy which controlled all facets of government. The Assembly (Ecclesia); comprised of all male citizens but had very little power initially. King; elected by the aristocrats and owed power to them. Archons 9 aristocrats chosen from the Assembly made all laws and executed them controlled all political facets of Athenian life Judges; aristocrats chosen from Assembly and were given the task of verbal interpretation of the law. A series of democratic reformers moved Athens from and aristocracy to a democracy over a period of 150 years. Draco (621 BC) elected as Archon in 621 BC and went on to write down existing verbal laws laws were harsh and severe but represented a significant step in democracy harsh laws are often called "Draconian". Solon (594 BC) appointed to deal with Athenian problems in 594 BC cancelled debt slavery gave citizenship to foreign artisans who promised to settle permanently in Athens "Solon" is n...

INTERNET MARKETING MANAGEMENT Assignment , Written report Essay

INTERNET MARKETING MANAGEMENT Assignment , Written report - Essay Example A good website is made-up on AIDA model. "A" means, it attracts the consumer. "I" means it creates interest. "D" means it buoys the consumer's desire for the product. Finally the "A" means that it leads to consumer into an action i-e buying the product. Search Engine Marketing (SEM), which is marketing a website online via search engines, either by improving the site's natural (organic) ranking through search engine optimization (SEO), buying pay-per-click (PPC) ads or purchasing pay-for-inclusion (PFI) listings in website directories, which are similar to offline yellow page listings. Email marketing, which is a method of distributing information about a product or service or for soliciting feedback from customers about a product or service through Email. Email addresses of customers and prospective customers may be collected or purchased. Various methods are used, such as the regular distribution of newsletters or mass mailing of offers related to the company's product or services. Email marketing is essentially the online equivalent of direct mail marketing. Blog marketing, which is the act of posting comments, expressing opinions or making announcements in a discussion forum and can be accomplished either by hosting your own blog or by posting comments and/or URLs in other blogs related to your product or service online Article marketing, which involves writing articles related to your business and having them published online on syndicated article sites. These articles then have a tendency to spread around the Internet since the article services permit re-publication provided that all of the links in the article are maintained. Article marketing can result in a traffic boost for your website, and the distribution of syndicated articles can promote your brand to a wide audience. With the passing of time internet marketing is gaining a lot of popularity day-by-day due to its unique feature: Cost-Effective: It's very cheap to set up a site and very little money is needed to maintain it once it has been set up Nowadays every business is going global. The first step to go global is showing your product to the World and internet is the cheapest and reliable way to advertise your product. Ecommerce has resulted in increase in sales for various businesses due to online sales. This encourages the businesses to develop their websites. Internet is a way of obtaining market research data. Websites are used for marketing research and stuff that help businesses develop new products. Websites for comparisons and evaluations: Let's look at the marketing management techniques adopted by Amazon.com

Sociology- Sex Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology- Sex Paper - Essay Example n (1994), DSM-IV defines transvestite fetishism as a ‘heterosexual male who cross-dresses over a period of at least six months.’ This male also has ‘recurring sexually arousing fantasies.’ The DSM-IV adds that an individual can only be diagnosed as having transvestite fetishism if ‘significant distress or impairment in functioning, with or without gender dysphoria,’ is associated with the cross-dressing. (Bordan and De Ricco1997) The DSM-IV itself differentiates between an individual who can be diagnosed as having transvestite fetishism and one who has a gender identity disorder. For one to be diagnosed with gender identity disorder one would have to consistently portray‘cross-gender identification’. This portrayal would include ‘symptoms such as a stated desire to be the other sex, frequent passing as the other sex, or the conviction that he or she has the typical feelings and reactions of the other sex. (Bower 2001) What is more, approximately 66% of male transsexuals prefer strong hetero-sexual males. In fact they refuse homosexual partners. (Bower, 2001) Therein rests one of the major differences between transsexuals or individuals with gender identity disorder and homosexuals. Homosexuals as the name implies are individuals of the same sex involved in sexual relationships whereas male transsexuals prefer to engage in sexual relationships with hetero -sexual males rather than homosexuals. Likewise the transvestite may or may not desire to engage in sexual relationships with homosexuals. Moreover, researchers have noted that males with gender identity disorder may be attracted to males, females, either sexes or neither of the sexes. Amazingly, though females identified with gender identity disorder are nearly always attracted to only females. (Bower 2001. p 2) Homosexuals may be classified into two main categories, namely, ‘the effeminate homosexual’ and the ‘drag queen.’ (Bower 2001) Although the effeminate homosexual has

Acute Pneumonia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Acute Pneumonia - Essay Example As the paper outlines Mr. Jones Stromenger (J.S) age 70 was admitted to the emergency care unit. He was complaining of acute pain when he coughed or when he took deep breaths. He had experience shortness of breath when he walked more than 20 feet. On admission he was recorded to have high fever accompanied shaking chills, sharp pleuritic chest pain, headache and sweaty and clammy skin. When he coughed he produced rusty sputum with mixture of blood. His skin was showing mild tinge of blueness and he was reported to have nausea and vomiting. The temperature was >38.6 degree c with more than 25 breaths per min, systolic BP 100breaths per min. on laboratory finding, arterial pH was less than 7.35, blood urea nitrogen > 30 mg/ dl and sodium < 130mmol/dl and PaO2 < 600mm Hg. On pulse oximetry the patient showed hypoxia and arterial blood gas exchange showed slower oxygenation so breathing tube was introduces and adequate oxygenation was given. The age was the critical factor and the patie nt was considered to be in Risk class 1 that favored the admission of the patient into the critical care. This study highlights that as the first level of emergency care the patient was made to undergo physical examination and chest x-ray. A Blood test and a sputum culture were also ordered. When given a physical examination it was found that the patient had a fever, increased respiratory rate, low blood pressure, fast heart rate and sinus problems. The lungs were auscultation, with stethoscope crackling sounds found, and an increase loudness of whisper speech showed the areas of lungs that were stiff and full of fluids – â€Å"consolidation â€Å".  

Effect of Diet on Colorectal Cancer

Effect of Diet on Colorectal Cancer CHAPTER 1 1.1 Introduction Colorectal cancer is considered to be a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. It accounts for over 9% of all cancer incidences; this makes it the third most common cancer cause with nearly 1.4 million new cases diagnosed in a year (WCRF, 2012) and the fourth most common cause of death (WHO, 2002). Both men and women are affected almost equally for colorectal cancer; 9.4% in men and 10.1% in women from all incident of cancer. However, it has a clear geographical variation which is not uniformly distributed throughout the world. It has been estimated that, the developed countries with a western culture accounts for over 63% of all colorectal cancer cases (Fatima AH, 2009). Though data available to show the clear situation in developing countries, growing evidences show that the problem would be also a concern for the low and middle income countries. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) was estimate that in 2008 colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 5th most common c ancer in SSA (Ferlay J, 2010 and Alice G et.al, 2012) Several risk factors can be linked with the incidence of colorectal cancer. Age and hereditary factors are the most important factors on which an individual’s cannot able to manage. The probability of being affected by colorectal cancer is increases after the age of 40. More than 90% of colorectal cancer cases reported among people in the age greater than 50 and older (Fairley TL , 2006). In addition, a large number of environmental and behavioral risk factors can also contribute for the development of colorectal cancer; among these dietary factors are the major one (Fatima AH, 2009). With the help of different dietary assessment methods such as food recalls and food record, wide range of epidemiological studies revealed that diet can strongly influences the risk of colorectal cancer, and changes in food habits might reduce up to 70% of this cancer burden. Diets with high in fat and calories, especially animal fat, protein rich, low level of calcium and vitamin D. are some of the nutrients which can be a risk factor for colorectal cancer. High meat consumption, mainly red meat and processed meat, is mainly associated with the development of colorectal cancer (Fatima AH and Robin P, 2009; Sandhu MS et.al, 2001; Norat T et.al, 2002; Larsson SC, 2006, Raphaà «lle L, 2008). On the other hand, those people who eat diets low in fruits and vegetables may have also a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer (Paul T et.al, 2001). For free living person, accurate estimation of routine dietary intake is very challenging in the study of diet and disease relationships (Jackson et. al, 2011). Moreover, there is no single method of assessment which is valid and optimal under all conditions to assess individual’s habitual dietary intake, but because of its ability to rank subjects according to their intake and also it is relatively inexpensive, food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are often used in most epidemiological studies to assess usual dietary intake and disease development. In addition, Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) have been used to assess long-term dietary intakes and an important exposure factor for the disease conditions (Sofi F et.al, 2008, and Streppel M, et. al, 2013). Therefore, the use of food frequency questionnaires has advantage over the other methods such as 24-hour recalls and food records since these methods do not reflect past diet intake or usual intake and they are also expens ive (Jackson et. al, 2011). Even though the Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) is a more practical tool for assessing individual diets in large cohorts, it has also more associated with measurement errors than 24-hour recalls and dietary record assessment methods. In consequence, this can bias the relative risk estimates of diet and disease risk (Lin L et.al, 2013). One approach to improve effect estimates is through validation studies, in which individual diets by questionnaire is compared with a more precise and accurate method such as weighted dietary records (Jaceldo-Siegl et. al, 2009). The influence of dietary habit is central for the development of colorectal cancer but little is known about validity of dietary exposure assessment tools. The purpose of the study is, therefore, to evaluate the validity of the FFQ that will be used in assessing the relationship between dietary intake andcolorectal cancer. 1.2 Objective of the study To evaluate the food frequency questionnaires used to assessing the risks of dietary intake (at food group and nutrient level) for colorectal cancer with the three days weighted diet record method CHAPTER 2 2.1 Literature Reviews 2.1.1 The need of validation studies for food frequency questionnaires The role of dietary factors in the etiology of several cancers has been extensively investigated over the last few years including on colorectal cancer (Bazensky I, Shoobridge-Moran C, Yoder LH, 2007). However, accurate estimates of habitual dietary intake remain a challenge in the study of diet-disease relationships (Jackson et. Al, 2011). This is because dietary assessments could be affected by a number of factors such as motivation to complete assessments and reporting bias related with unstructured eating patterns(Livingstone MB et. al, 2009). Besides these, design of the study, outcomes of interest, and resources availability need to be considered when selecting an appropriate dietary assessment tool for a particular study(Jyh Eiin Wong et. al, 2012). In epidemiological studies, Food-Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) is often chosen assessment method for estimating dietary intake and can provide valid and reliable estimates of usual dietary intake in a variety of populations (Navarro A, et. al,2001) where as the other possible and precise methods such as food records and 24-hour recalls do not reflect past diet or usual intake and are generally expensive (Jackson et. al, 2011, Lin L et.al, 2013). The FFQ is easy to administer, has relatively low cost, and provides a rapid estimate of usual food intake. Due to having this advantages it is more practical and frequently used dietary assessment tool for assessing individual diets in large cohorts. However, compared to other dietary assessment methods it has more associated with measurement errors that usually overestimate relative risks in studies of diet and disease risk (Jaceldo-Siegl et. al, 2009; Zulkifli SN, 1992; Fraser GE, 2003; Lin L et. al, 2013; Streppel M et. al, 2013). Therefore, nutritional values reported from FFQ data are subjected to both systematic and random errors that can significantly affect the design, analysis, and interpretation of nutritional epidemiologic studies (Carroll RJ, et. al, 1997). In addition, due to possible differences in design characteristics of the FFQ, e.g. the number of food items included, mode of administration, and also the need of cognitive process for portion size estimation, it’s validity can be affected (Jyh Eiin Wong et. al, 2012). Furthermore, the validity of the same FFQ may vary from one population to the other (Streppel M. al et, 2013). The above rationale can lead to the agreement that evaluation and validating of a FFQ is important in studying diet disease associations. Thus validation studies need to be performed to evaluate the level to which the FFQ agrees with the subjects’ true dietary intake (Cade JE et. al, 2004). Moreover, validation studies can be also carried out to assess the level of measurement error associated with the FFQ (Streppel M et al, 2013 and Cade JE et. al, 2004). Providing the fact that there is no single method which is completely free from possible biases in dietary assessment, one approach to validate the estimates of effects through the help FFQ is by comparing with a more precise method (reference method), such as weighted food record, multiple dietary recalls and use of biomarkers (Jaceldo-Siegl et. al, 2009 and Lin L et.al, 2013). However, memory (recalls) and nutrient data are still influence estimates from the reference method (Jackson et. al, 2011, and Daures JP et. al, 2000 ). Generally, due to differences in food supply and dietary habits, there is no universally accepted FFQ that can be used for all populations in all situations. Elucidation of diet–disease relationships requires dietary assessment methods which can sufficiently describe and quantify intakes, minimize errors and provide precise estimates of variability between individuals or groups(Kaaks R et. al, 1997; Carroll RJ e t.al 1997 and Lin L et.al, 2013). Therefore, it is vital to make sure that any FFQ must be reliable and valid to be used in the population of interest, need to be designed to meet the aims of study populations and has contain an up-to-date list of foods(Jyh Eiin Wong,et. al, 2012). 2.1.2 Incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer Colorectal cancer is one of the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Globally it accounts for over 9% of all cancer incidences; the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of death. Men and women are almost equally affected by colorectal cancer; it represents 9.4% in men and 10.1% in women (Jodi D Stoocky, et al, 1996). However, is not uniformly distributed throughout the world; it has a clear geographical variation. Mainly, colorectal cancer is a disease of developed countries with a western culture. It is estimated this region accounts for over 63% of all cases. Worldwide mortality attributable to colorectal cancer is approximately half that of the incidence. In 2008, over 1.2 million new cases and 608,700 deaths estimated to have occurred (Fatima AH, 2009 and Dagfinn A, 2011). The WHO report in 2012 also showed that, in 2008 among the deaths of an estimated 7.6 million people of all cancer cases colorectal cancer (CRC) accounted for over 600 000 of those deaths, with 70% occurring in low– and middle–income countries (WHO, 2012 and Meetoo D, 2008). This indicates that though the number of cases of CRC in SSA is thought to be very low in comparison to those diagnosed in the Western world, it constitutes a significant proportion of the cancers in this region (Alice G et.al, 2012). 2.1.3 Risk factors for colorectal cancer Colorectal cancer is widely considered to be an environmental disease; include a wide range of cultural, social, and lifestyle factors which are associated with the incidence of colorectal cancer. Age and hereditary factors are those that an individual cannot control and other modifiable environmental and lifestyle risk factors are also plays an important role in the development of colorectal cancer (Fatima A. Haggar, Robin P. Boushey 2009). Among the modifiable risk factors, diet habit is a major one and strongly influences the risk of colorectal cancer, and changes in dietary habits might also decrease up to 70 percent of this cancer burden. Diets with high fat content, especially animal fat, considered to be a major risk factor to cause colorectal cancer. However results of meta analysis supports the hypothesis that only intakes of red and processed meat are convincing dietary risk factors for colorectal cancer (Dagfinn Aune, 2011). In addition, different studies also revealed that the association of CRC risk with processed red meat may be stronger than that of fresh red meat (Sandhu MS et.al, 2001; Norat T et.al, 2002; Larsson SC, 2006 and Raphaà «lle L, 2008). The effect of fat consumption as possible etiologic factor for colon cancer is linked to favoring the development of a bacterial flora which capable of degrading bile salts to potentially carcinogenic compounds. The presence of heme iron in red meat believed to be the main mechanisms for the positive association in the development of colorectal cancer. In addition, exposing it to high temperatures could resulting the production of compounds such as heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Fatima A. Haggar, Robin P. Boushey 2009 and Genkinger JM, Koushik A, 2007). MS Sandhu et al in 2001 found that red and processed meat could contribute for colorectal cancer; a daily increase of 100 g of red meat and 25g of processed meat was associated with a 14% (OR;1.14, 95% CI:1.04 to 1.25) and 49% (OR; 1.49, 95% CI: 1.22 to 1.81) increased risk of colorectal cancer respectively (Sandhu MS et.al, 2001). On the other more recent follow up study by Cross, A.J et.al, the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) comparing the fifth to the first quintile for both red (HR; 1.24; 95% CI, 1.09-1.42; P Norat, T in 2001 also tried to conduct meta-analysis of articles published during 1973-99 in order to look the risk of consumption of red and processed meat for colorectal cancer. High intake of red and processed meat was associated with significantly increase risk of colorectal cancer. Average Relative Risk and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the highest quantile of consumption was 1.35 (CI: 1.21-1.51) for red meat and 1.31 (CI: 1.13-1.51) for processed meat (Norat, T., et.al, 2002). A similar effect of red and processed meat also found in other meta-analysis of prospective studies published through March 2006 by Larsson SC and Wolk A in 2006. This meta-analysis of prospective studies support the hypothesis that high consumption of red meat and of processed meat is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (Larsson, S.C. and Wolk, A., 2006). In addition, some studies suggest that people who eat a diet low in fruits and vegetables may have a higher risk of colorectal cancer. Differences in dietary fiber intake might have been also responsible for the observed geographic differences in the incidence rate of colorectal cancer (Janout V, and Kolla ´rova ´ H. 2001 and Fatima AH, 2009). Age is an important non modifiable factors in the development of colorectal cancer. As the increases the likelihood of colorectal cancer diagnosis increases as well. Mostly its diagnosis is common after the age of 40, then rising sharply after age 50. More than 90% of colorectal cancer cases occur in people aged 50 or older. The incidence rate is more than 50 times higher in persons aged 60 to 79 years than in those younger than 40 years. However, colorectal cancer appears to be increasing among younger persons (Ries LAG, et al.. 2008, and Fatima AH, 2009). 2.1.4 Dietary protective factors for colorectal cancer; Vegetables, Dietary fiber, whole grains Given the roles of the colon and rectum as conduits for ingested food and the many potentially anti carcinogenic substances contained in fruit(8),vegetables(8),and cereals(9),these food groups are among the most widely studied in relation to colorectal cancer risk (Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. 1991, and Slavin JL, Martini MC et.al, 1999). Although the majority of studies have shown an inverse association between fruit and vegetable consumption and colorectal cancer risk, some prospective cohort studieshave also obtained inconsistent results; no association between fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of having or developing a colorectal neoplasm (Paul T et.al, 2001). Results from a meta-analysis of 13 case–control studieshave suggested that increased dietary fiber intake is associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer, although some other prospective cohort studies do not supporting such an association (Steinmetz KA et.al, 1994). Nonetheless, evidence from animal studies and few clinical trials continues to suggest that cerealsespecially wheat bran, contain substances, such as fiber, phytic acid, various phenolic compounds, lignins, and flavonoids, that might lower the risk for colorectal cancers.Cereal fiber might also bind carcinogens and modify glycemic index(Slavin JL , 1999, and Paul T et.al, 2001) In a Paul T et.al study in 2001, they were tried to associate the role of fruit and vegetable consumption and colorectal cancer. In this study 61, 463 women were followed for an average of 9.6 years and 460 incident cases of colorectal cancer were observed (291, 159 and 10 cases of colon, rectal and both sites respectively). In the entire population of this study, total fruit and vegetable consumption was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. The association was also showed that there is a dose–response effect; more evident among individuals who consumed the lowest amounts of fruit and vegetables was observed. In particularly, those individuals who consumed less than 1.5 servings of fruit and vegetables per day had a 1.65 relative risk (95% CI = 1.23 to 2.20;P = .001) for developing colorectal cancer compared with individuals who consumed more than 2.5 servings. However, no association between colorectal cancer risk and consumption of cereal fiber was observed in t his study. In conclusion this particular study revealed that individuals who consume very low amounts of fruit and vegetables have the greatest risk of colorectal cancer (Paul T et.al, 2001)

Looking for Answers in Looking for Richard Essay -- Looking for Richar

Looking for Answers in Looking for Richard  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Al Pacino's "Looking for Richard" is an unusual film. It is a documentary about the complexities of Shakespeare, the performing of the play Richard III, and the ignorance of the average American regarding Shakespeare. The unusual nature of the film - it's similar to a filmed Cliff-notes version of the text - provokes wildly different reactions from film buffs, critics, and Shakespeare purists. A perusal of five different reviews of the film show such variant descriptors that range from Mary Brennan's comment that the documentary is "decidedly narcissistic" to Edwin Jahiel's comment that the film is an "original, mesmerizing exploration." The rather wide incongruity between the reviews leads to an interesting juxtaposition of its critiques, as we examine the reasons "Looking for Richard" incites such strong responses from its proponents and detractors. A summarized look at each of the reviews reveals the wide range among the criticisms. The first review, by Mary Brennan and posted on the Film.Com web site, is generally positive, despite the aforementioned quotation that the documentary is "decidedly narcissistic." Brennan found herself enjoying the film despite herself, enjoying the "extraordinarily riveting" way the film dissected Shakespeare. However, every endorsement of the film is subsequently balanced by a disparaging remark about it. Brennan calls some of the rehearsals "thoroughly entertaining," then says that the endless scenes of Pacino "mugging into the camera... rapidly lose their charm." Still, she seems to enjoy the film despite its perceived weaknesses. Al Pacino's posturing is "exasperating but likable," and the whole package is enjoyable. Brennan seems to... ...r those like me, however, who enjoy Shakespeare but perhaps do not grasp it as well as we hope to on the first couple of readings, it worked ideally. Works Cited Brennan, Mary. Film.com. Internet. On Line. 1996. URL: http://www.film.com/reviews/index.jhtml?review_url=/film-review/1996/9006/15/default-review.html Dre. Girls on Film. Internet. On-line. 1996. URL: http://www.girlson.com/film/navigation/index.html Jahiel, Edwin. Rec.arts.movies.review. Internet. On-line. 1996. URL: http://reviews.imdb.com/Reviews/65/6541 Renshaw, Scott. Rec.arts.movies.review. Internet. On-line. 1996. URL: http://reviews.imdb.com/Reviews/61/6195 Schwartzbaum, Lisa. "Great Shakes." Entertainment Weekly. 1 November 1996. http://www.ew.com Zimmer, A. Syracuse Times Online. Internet. On-line. 1996. URL: http://newtimes.rway.com/films/richard.htm