Metaphor in Korean and Arab Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Metaphor in Korean and Arab Culture - Essay Example The modern theory of cognitive metaphor is developed in the works of many scholars, in accordance with which, â€Å"metaphor is an instrument of cognition, structuring and explanation of reality† (Lakoff, 1993, p. 217). Following J. Lakoff, we agree that â€Å"metaphor is located in thought and not in the language†. Metaphor is a source for something new and interesting. There is a certain cultural background in different metaphors because they reflect specific needs of target audience and key issues of life of different nations turn into the sources for further metaphorical derivates. For example, metaphors in American English are often associated with sports because active way of life has been always highly estimated among the Americans (Deignan, Gabrys, & Solska, 1997). Food metaphor is more appropriate for Chinese English because the nation is highly concerned about meals. Thus, family dinners on weekends symbolize unity and dominance of family. Sometimes, metaphors interpretations are similar or different. Thus, Chinese use sports metaphors and Americans use metaphors about food and the meaning of them would be the same. For example, in Chinese: â€Å"One cannot learn to swim in shallow water† meaning that one should go through thick and thin in order to become a professional. For Americans, a metaphor â€Å"to eat a piece of cake† meaning to get easy job. In accordance with J. Fauconnie and M. Therner, the essence of conceptual integration comprises the following: once a metaphor spawns, two sections of brain responsible for visual and abstract images are activated (Fauconnier, 1998, pp. 133-179). With regard to one of the claims of a cognitive metaphor theory: the principles of metaphorization processes are based on knowledge interpretation procedures, reflected in cognitive construction–frames (specific unified constructs of knowledge or experience connected by mental reflections) and scenarios (a generalized dynamic e xperience of human interaction with the world). A frame is characterized by â€Å"encyclopedicity†, i.e. cluster of various structurally generalized kinds of knowledge about a referent. Frames include basic, typical and potentially possible information associated with the concept. Frames can be inherent; they can emerge in the process of individual cognition or can be adopted via learning. Currently, the â€Å"theory of conceptual blending† is of high relevance. This theory was derived by A. Richards (1990) and has been followed by J. Fauconnie and M. Therner. The essence of conceptual integration comprises the following: once a metaphor spawns, two sections of brain responsible for visual and abstract images are activated (Fauconnier, 1998, pp. 133-179). Further metaphors in Arab and Korean languages are considered with respect to developments in the field of cognitive metaphor. It is supposed that two frames are actualized. Elements of these frames can have nothing i n common, but creation of a new metaphoric derivative happens as follows: Figure 1. Algorithm of a new metaphoric derivative creation Further considerations are about metaphors in Korean and Arab cultures. The Korean culture has the following key collective values, for example, social harmony, respect and mutual cooperation. Western culture is

Hospitality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Hospitality Management - Essay Example Wal-Mart offers a wide range of variety having more than 30 departments at all the outlets, that has rendered the company to be the market leader in general merchandise industry and it has consistently been able to secure the name in Fortune 500 (Walmart, 2014). â€Å"Saving people money to help them live better was the goal that Sam Walton envisioned when he opened the doors to the first Walmart ®. This focus drives everything we do at Walmart. And, for the millions of customers who shop in our stores around the world each week, it means they can trust that our brand means we have everyday low prices.† (Walmart, 2014). Currently the company does not have as such mission and vision statement while having one such statement may guide the customers and employees to integrate with the values and philosophy of the company. There are several internal and external factors that are responsible to generate opportunities as well as the threats for the company. Following is step by step evaluation of the factors through the matrices: The EFE matrix reveals that the company has been in relatively stronger position as the score is 2.81 which is greater than the average score of 2.5. However the score below 3.0 shows that the company is not in extraordinary position. The above internal evaluation reveals that the score is 2.92 which is above average i.e. 2.5 and is close to 3.0 and hence one can conclude that the company has been adequately strong from internal point of view. Its competitor company Costco Wholesale Corp has the current ratio of 1.19 and Target Corp has the ratio of 0.91 while the industry average is of 1.09. This shows that the company has not been able to maintain ability of fulfilling its short termed debts and in this regard it also lags behind its direct competitors. Its competitor company Costco Wholesale Corp has debt to equity of 4.75 and Target Corp with the ratio of 0.85 while that of industry is 6.95. This shows that