A Day Without Media Essay

In the book â€Å"Amusing Ourselves to Death† the possibility that inundation in what we love will prompt our end is introduced and broke down. Subsequent to perusing this book I took it upon myself, as a major aspect of a class task, to go 24 hours without media. At first I accepted this would be a simple assignment however discovered that all in all we are encircled by media in each occasion of our lives. From vehicle rides, to just strolling around my home I must be attentive to dodge media that would reset my 24 hour time period. In Postman’s book, â€Å"Amusing Ourselves to Death†, he considers how the TV carries families to a similar room however makes partition between them. In my time without media I went through two suppers with my family (a lunch and supper). At both of these get-togethers my family talked significantly more than we normally did. While sitting in front of the TV we would â€Å"shush† each other to hear the show, however without it we talked about school, governmental issues, and discussions, for example, sanctioning weed. Glancing back at this I see Postman’s point. We become so centered around the story collapsing out before us that we shut out one another all the while. I likewise saw a similar impact when I was driving with my granddad that night. He expected to convey a present to family and I required driving hours, so I drove the 90 minutes drive. I wasn’t permitted to contact the radio in light of my media break so we talked for that time. I discovered that my nearby granddad, whom I see five times each week, has serious lower leg issue and would get treatment soon thereafter. I like to think I’m near my family, yet this happening without me in any event, thinking about it inspired an emotional response in me. What amount do we truly think about our friends and family? What essentially hasn’t come up in light of the fact that we invest our energy finding out about the new VIP prevailing fashions or who wore what where? As I’m staying here tuning in to the radio while composing this I need to consider Postman’s contemplations of how interwoven our reality is with media. As he put it, President Taft wouldn’t have been casted a ballot into office in today’s world in light of the fact that less individuals would decide in favor of somebody that overweight. By this Postman intends to call attention to how media has contact our lives. Not having the option to utilize my mobile phone to consider individuals or watch the news on TV, contracted myâ world to what I could see, hear, and contact around me. I invested the majority of my energy in my room perusing books to sit back, and when I left my room I just observed my family room, kitchen, and somewhat outside. We depend on TV, radio, and other media to bring us data. Be that as it may, what is never a given is that the data sources we rely upon aren’t one-sided. At the point when sentiments camouflaged as â€Å"facts† are seen with no investigation and fully trusted, we are just making sue do assessments that aren’t even our own. This impact in our lives accentuates cracks in goals, yet in addition can enable gatherings to distort data and misdirect others. Perhaps we are not just â€Å"Amusing Ourselves to Death† yet Amusing Ourselves to the Death of Ourselves. At the point when I was in center school up till eighth grade I had a companion who used to watch BBC all the time as a youngster. I got some information about his discourse examples, and him revealing to me that he even used to have a British articulation! I can likewise identify with these considerations. At the point when I was littler I used to talk utilizing linguistic structure that wasn’t exceptionally ordinary. This was on the grounds that I used to be exceptionally shielded and not get out a lot. Sesame Street was one of my top choices as a youngster. Relational abilities must be created like whatever else, with training. At the point when I wasn’t presented to individuals talking calmly, I built up a method of talking that didn’t fit with the individuals around me. This is a prime case of Postman’s point. We as another age can’t convey like we ought to have the option to. Innovation has stripped us of that. At the point when most children get don’t recognize what to state next in a circumstance, the check their telephones. This is a genuine case of our dependence on media and innovation and shows our subliminal reliance on these gadgets. When you go to your TV today around evening time who or what do you see? What do you realize? What human connection do you take an interest in? Mailman makes reference to in his book how through TV we figure out how to cooperate with individuals. Be that as it may, these individuals we figure out how to connect with don’t act like genuine people do. They are entertainers, their body developments and word stating has been arranged out and set bit by bit for them. This implies those on-screen characters we figure out how to connect with, and propensities we gain don’t help us to converse with individuals up close and personal. Whileâ breaking from media I contemplated this at a point. In synopsis I accept the time I spent without media permitted me to see through Postman’s perspective. The idea that the media we love so sincerely is gradually wrecking us may appear to be crazy from the outset, however when further broke down has ground to remain on. We increase social abilities, news, conclusions, predisposition, and a focal gathering place for a family from media. Are these fortunate or unfortunate? Does this media impact our life to the point that it is the principle factor we as a whole stick to? We need to watch ourselves against the negative impacts of this innovation so we are not utilized. That doesn’t mean we cut ourselves off from it totally. In the event that we do that than we are contracting our reality view to that which we can see ourselves. Like everything else in life we should take new media in extent, with a reasonable brain. In the event that so we might have the option to abstain from â€Å"Amusing Ourselves to Death†.

Nike Wacc Case Study

Monetary Management Agenda 1. What is the WACC and for what reason is it imperative to appraise a firm’s cost of capital? Do you concur with Joanna Cohen’s WACC count? Why or why not? 2. On the off chance that you don't concur with Cohen’s examination, compute your own WACC for Nike and legitimize your suppositions. 3. Figure the expenses of value utilizing CAPM, the profit markdown model, and the income capitalization proportion. What are the points of interest and burdens of every technique? 4. What ought to Kimi Ford suggest in regards to an interest in Nike? 2 Case Overview Nike, Inc. NorthPoint Group Investment Decision Current offer cost of USD 42. 09 ? Declining piece of the pie for the period 1997-2000 ? System for renewing the organization viable ? Plan to help income and advance expenses ? Exceptionally experienced supervisory crew ? Shared reserve the board firm ? Accentuation on huge top worth stocks ? Has been beating the market for as long as year a nd a half ? Kimi Ford †portfolio director trying to distinguish underestimated stocks, predictable with the fund’s speculation technique ? Stock valuation dependent on determining future incomes over a multi year time span ? Limiting the UFCFF utilizing a foreordained WACC esteem ? Computing the markdown factor dependent on the CAPM approach ? Considering affectability examination 3 Understanding the WACC ? The Weighted Average Cost of Capital is the financing cost (insignificant return) at which speculator provided capital (value and enthusiasm bearing credits) has been given. Along these lines, it is the weighted normal least desire, which investors and lenders require for their individual speculations made with the organization viable. The WACC reflects both, the expense of value and the expense of obligation. Various wellsprings of assets have various expenses and in this manner, contingent upon the capital structure of the association, the weightings of obligation and value are determined and alloted. ? The WACC is determined utilizing the accompanying condition: WACC = [E/(D+E)] x Ke + [D/(D+E)] x Kd (1-t) ? The base required profit for shareholders’ speculation. ? CAPM strategy has been gen erally utilized in computing the expense of value. ? Ke = Rf + b. (Rm †Rf) ? Hazard level and instability are determined dependent on recorded information. Cost of Equity Cost of Debt ? The loan fee at which an organization can secure new obligation. ? Any fixed rates on extraordinary obligation are not significant, since the financial specialists are worried about what it will cost the organization to create money from any future ventures, which would happen at showcase rates as opposed to recorded ones. ? After duty cost of obligation = (1-t)Kd, since intrigue is charge deductible. 4 Critique of Joanna’s Calculations Calculating Ke Since Joanna’s FCF estimate mirrors a multi year time frame, it could be contended that, for consistency, the yield of a hazard free multi year security ought to be utilized. ? A math mean estimation of the hazard premium is commonly acknowledged as a suitable methodology by the venture network. * ? Since Nike is a global organization, its income stream bears extra hazard dependent on the particular assignments to d ifferent nations. This ought to mirror extra hazard premium, for example, conversion scale chance, political hazard and so on. Such figuring goes past the extent of this case however it ought not be overlooked. Beta has been determined as a memorable normal yet the included worth YTD 06/30/01 ought to be avoided not just since it isn't predictable as far as period length, however the array business is occasional with extraordinary bit of the incomes coming during the long stretches of Dec. what's more, Nov. Notable betas preceding 1996 ought not be rejected. Computing Kd ? Cost of obligation isn't appropriately determined since potential investors and lenders are not worried about enthusiasm on extraordinary obligation, yet rather the present market rate at which the organization could obtain to back its tasks and potential extension. The method utilized by Joanna is helpful just to get some unpleasant understanding on what Nike is paying on its current obligation. ? Joanna has embr aced a suitable methodology in ascertaining the after expense cost of obligation, since obligation is charge deductible. ? Joanna is all in all correct to consider obligation named in remote money, anyway her methodology is defective since she is by and by taking a gander at extraordinary obligation, which courses of action that happened previously may essentially contrast from the present market reality. ? Since existing Nike securities are exchanging at markdown, we definitely realize that the market yield surpasses the coupon rate. 5 Strong contentions exist for utilizing the geometric mean in specific situations. This point will be additionally explained Agenda 1. What is the WACC and for what reason is it critical to assess a firm’s cost of capital? Do you concur with Joanna Cohen’s WACC estimation? Why or why not? 2. In the event that you don't concur with Cohen’s examination, ascertain your own WACC for Nike and legitimize your suspicions. 3. Ascertain th e expenses of value utilizing CAPM, the profit rebate model, and the income capitalization proportion. What are the points of interest and weaknesses of every strategy? 4. What ought to Kimi Ford suggest in regards to an interest in Nike? Ascertaining Cost of Equity ? Rf = 5. 39% dependent on the present multi year yield for consistency with the guage multi year FCFF. ? Figuring hazard premium dependent on number juggling normal versus geometric mean: ? Number-crunching normal expect no sequential relationship and in this manner could be exaggerating the premium. ? Number juggling normal overlooks estimation mistake and accessible information is restricted. ? Number-crunching normal works best for guaging momentary periods where long haul periods appear to be better caught by the geometric mean. Cost of Equity Yield on 10-year Treasuries Risk premium †created showcase (geo. Hazard premium †created advertise (arit. ) 5. 39% 5. 90% 7. half Average hazard premium Risk premium †nation explicit Levered ? Unlevered Cost of Equity 6. 70% 0. 00% 0. 82 0. 77 10. 91% ? The two strategies are adequate and despite the fact that the number-crunching mean is broadly acknowledged as the correct strategy, we are utilizing a normal of both since we are managing a drawn out period and the geometric mean could be possibly increasingly delegate. ? No extra nation hazard premium is accepted because of absence of information. ? Unlevered beta has been determined so as to reflect just the measure of business chance. For any future beta projections it will be increasingly suitable to compute relevered beta dependent on the focused on capital structure. Beta 1996 1997 1998 0. 98 0. 84 0. 84 1999 2000 Average 0. 63 0. 83 0. 82 7 Sources: Ibbotson Associates, Aswath Damodaran Calculating Cost of Debt ? To compute the proper respect development we have to consider that the settlement date (05/07/2011) falls between coupon installments, implying that the main period will be shorter than the staying 40 (20 years of semiannual installments). ? We compute an exchange cost (messy cost) of USD 98. 9 utilizing a YTM of roughly 7. 17%. In the wake of altering for the collected intrigue we get the provided cost estimate of USD 95. 60. ? We are not considering the compelling YTM for the expense of obligation since it isn't certain whether the profits could be reinvested at a similar rate because of the accompanying reasons (list not thorough): ? The yield bend is normally not flat. ? The state of the bend is d ynamic and changes after some time. ? Some premium ought to be considered on obligation gave in outside cash, however this goes past the extent of this task and no obligation breakdown has been accommodated that issue. Cost of Debt Coupon Years to development Periods inside one year Total periods Face estimation of c-security Market cost of c-security YTM* Effective YTM 6. 75% 20. 03 2 40. 05 100. 00 95. 60 7. 17% 7. 30% Yield to Maturity Days from last coupon date Days to next coupon date Days between coupon dates Transaction cost Accrued intrigue alteration Quoted value Yield to development 171 10 181 98. 79 3. 19 95. 60 7. 17% 8 * Calculations have been made dependent on a multi day year Calculating WACC 10. 26% WACC †¢ Calculations of the weightings †¢ We use book estimation of obligation since not Weightings Ke/Kd onsider the market estimation of value dependent on the present cost per share and the weakened offers exceptional. 89. 87%* 10. 13%** all enthusiasm bearing obligation is as bonds developing on 07/15/21 with a current YTD of 7. 17%. Be that as it may, since the organization has low influence and isn't under money related misery, there ought not be a critical contrast betwe en the present market and book estimation of the exceptional obligation. Cost of Equity After Tax Cost of Debt 10. 91% †¢ Calculations depend on reexamined 4. 44% †¢ Before charge cost of obligation has been suppositions recently depicted. †¢ Cost of value isn't to be balanced reviously determined at 7. 17%. †¢ After applying charge pace of 38% the for charges. after assessment cost of obligation adds up to 4. 44%. 9 * Market capitalization starting at 05/07/2001 is USD 11. 5 bn. ** Total enthusiasm bearing obligation (current + non-current) starting at 31/05/2001 is USD 11. 3 bn. Figures starting at 05/07/2001 are not accommodated a superior gauge. Plan 1. What is the WACC and for what reason is it critical to assess a firm’s cost of capital? Do you concur with Joanna Cohen’s WACC figuring? Why or why not? 2. On the off chance that you don't concur with Cohen’s examination, figure your own WACC for Nike and legitimize your suspicions. 3. Ascertain the expenses of value utilizing CAPM, the profit rebate model, and the income capitalization proportion. What are the focal points and weaknesses of every technique? 4. What ought to Kimi Ford suggest with respect to an interest in Nike? 10 Other Methods for Calculating Cost of Equity ? Po = Do(1+g)/(r-g) ? Could be utilized for develop organizations, which deliver profits consistently, and it is sensible to expect that they will likewise do as such within a reasonable time-frame. ? The DDM model is excessively delicate ove

Opportunity Cost Essay

Lets start with a little prologue to the point Opportunity Cost. Opportunity cost is the expense of any movement estimated regarding the estimation of the following best option done without (that isn't picked). It is the penance identified with the second best decision accessible to somebody, or gathering, who has picked among a few fundamentally unrelated options. The open door cost is likewise the â€Å"cost† (as a lost advantage) of the done without items in the wake of settling on a decision. Opportunity cost is a key idea in financial matters, and has been portrayed as communicating â€Å"the essential connection among shortage and choice†. The thought of chance cost has a significant impact in guaranteeing that rare assets are utilized proficiently. Subsequently, opportunity costs are not limited to money related or budgetary costs: the genuine expense of yield sworn off, lost time, delight or whatever other advantage that gives utility ought to likewise be viewed as happenstance costs. Presently lets see Opportunity Cost from the purpose of creation. Opportunity expenses might be evaluated in the dynamic procedure of creation. In the event that the laborers on a ranch can create it is possible that one million pounds of wheat or 2,000,000 pounds of grain, at that point the open door cost of delivering one pound of wheat is the two pounds of grain sworn off (accepting the creation prospects wilderness is straight). Firms would settle on discerning choices by gauging the penances in question. Seeing Opportunity Cost from the purpose of Implicit and Explicit Cost. Certain expenses are the open door costs that in variables of creation that a maker as of now possesses. They are proportional to what the elements could acquire for the firm in elective uses, either worked inside the firm or lease to different firms. For instance, a firm pays $300 every month the entire year for lease on a stockroom that solitary holds item for a half year every year. The firm could lease the distribution center out for the unused a half year, at any cost (accepting a year-long rent prerequisite), and that would be the cost that could be spent on different variables of creation. Express expenses are opportunity costs that include direct financial installment by makers. The open door cost of the components of creation not effectively possessed by a maker is the value that the maker needs to pay for them. For example, a firm burns through $100 on electrical force expended, their chance expense is $100. The firm has relinquished $100, which could have been spent on different components of creation. Presently lets take a gander at some genuine models from my life inorder to comprehend Opportunity Costs better. Opportunity Cost Examples that I myself have been over I have just Rs 1000 to spend and I have two options, I can eat at a pleasant café or purchase a decent cricket bat. I spend my Rs 1000 on purchasing the cricket bat, at that point the open door cost of that decision is the flavorful feast I didn't pick and let go. Opportunity Cost likewise works concerning time. Eg-I just have two hours of leisure time. I could either go out to see a film or meet a companion of mine. I decide to invest my energy at the film, the open door cost of this choice is the time I could have spent getting a charge out of the organization of my companion. Here’s another model When just because I chose to put away my set aside cash lying with me. I had two alternatives that I could do with the cash I had. My first decision was either putting resources into Quite a while or leave the cash in a Savings Account that gains just 5% every year. I put resources into Mutual Funds and it returned 10%, here I’ve profited by my choice on the grounds that the option would have been less productive. Be that as it may, if the Mutual Fund would have returned just 2% when I could have had 5% from the Savings Account, at that point my chance expense would have been (5% †2% = 3%). To sum up Opportunity Cost, shortage makes decision, and each decision has an incentive to us. That worth can be taken a gander at as far as advantages and regarding cost. Worth isn't constantly estimated in money related terms however in some cases estimated as far as time or satisfaction. The open door cost of a decision is the thing that must be provided up so as to accept an open door. It’s not the open door we picked, yet the estimation of the following best elective we didn’t pick. Each significant decision has an open door cost.

Conflict between sacrifice and love against selfishness and contempt - Literature Essay Samples

In George Orwell’s novel 1984 and Fritz Langs’ Metropolis, it is seen that both texts explore the conflict between the value of sacrifice and love against selfishness and contempt. Both Orwell and Lang explore this conflict in light of their differing contexts. Behind Metropolis, Lang foregrounds his own Christian values as the counter to economic pragmatism, reflecting the influences of his own Catholicism along with the emerging technological advancements of the Weimar Republic. Whilst, Orwell advocates the value of sacrifice and love of others in the face of political power, reflecting his fears regarding totalitarian regimes emerging out of WWII. In Metropolis, Lang presents this conflict through specific reference to self-sacrifice foregrounded by his Catholic values. Maria, being the ultimate depiction of these values, foretells to the working class, revealed in the inter-titles, that ‘the mediator between the head and the hands must be the heart’. By metaphorically representing this process as a person i.e. Freder, Lang is accentuating the role of human values in reforming the societal structures’ power, ultimately reflecting his intentions of Metropolis being a contextual message to the German people for a peaceful revolution. This recurring motif foregrounds Langs Catholic values as central to the continuation of human values. This is contrasted against the intertextuality of the original Tower of Babel story where a long shot displaying the exploited slaves reveals the implications of the selfishness of the upper class and how such power ultimately diminishes human values. In further exploring this c onflict, Lang employs a symbolic exclamation from a worker â€Å"someone has to stay at the machine†, emphasizing the influence of the machine age upon the selfish morality dictating current society. Lang further employs a medium shot portraying Freder replacing the worker which make evident Freder’s self sacrifice to relieve the oppression of the worker; that the preservation of their lives is Lang’s privileging of the human value of sacrifice that would otherwise be lost in the midst of selfishness. A long shot then portrays the religious iconography in the crucifixion pose of Freder working the machine. This reinforces Lang’s Catholic values and his idea of Freder as a Christ like savior who will restore the values in the midst of the selfishness diminishing them. Orwell similarly makes this conflict evident in 1984 where such selfishness ultimately deprives any forms of emotional human connections. The installation of the party into power creates a new hierarchical structure where their unilateral selfish desires are for ‘power†¦power, pure power†. The repetition of ‘power’ reinforces that its preservation is the driving force behind their oppressive crushing of human values as metaphorically conveyed in ‘power is tearing human minds to pieces and putting them together†. This diminishing of values is reflected through the restrictions on emotional relationships, based on Orwell’s fears of the continuity of totalitarian states and their devaluing of love and sacrifice. He presents love as the antithesis to these structures through Winston and Julia’s relationship: â€Å"a battle, the climax a victory†¦ a blow struck against the party† as Winston believes they ‘could not alter (their) feelings’. The metaphorical military imagery aligns the relationship with the revolt implicit in it, but also their love that conflicts with the party’s selfishness. However, O’Brien highlights the ineffectual nature of their opposition to authority in the metaphors â€Å"You are a flaw in the pattern†¦a stain that must be wiped out†. Their inconsequential revolt is further reinforced through Winston’s torture as he exclaims: â€Å"Do it to Julia! Not me!†¦ Tear her face off, strip her to the bones†. The graphic imagery within the imperative possesses violent connotations of suffering and evokes the horror of what Orwell is foreshadowing; that such totalitarian regimes destroy human values. This further reflects O’briens statement to Winston: â€Å"We do not merely destroy our enemies, we change them† foreshadowing Stalin’s totalitarianism where the Party’s selfish fabrication of reality; à ¢â‚¬Å"Who controls the past controls the future† contributes to the demise of human values, metaphorically rendering Winston a â€Å"lonely ghost uttering a truth†. In Metropolis, Lang presents a resolution through a return to human values, Orwell presents no such resolution as O’Brien metaphorically asserts: â€Å"We shall squeeze you empty †¦ fill you with ourselves†, highlighting the irrelevance of human values in this world. In Metropolis, Lang continues to portray the same diminishing of human values by the selfishness of those in power. Freder’s symbolic hallucination depicts a long shot portraying the workers being consumed as a sacrifice to ‘Moloch’ for the selfish desires of Frederson. In Personifying the workers’ actions as an act of satiating the machines: â€Å"Who feeds the machines with their own flesh?†, Lang is reflecting on his warnings that human values are lost as a result of embracing new technology as he found through his experiences of the Weimar republic’s privileging of automation. That for the sake of the ‘revolution of a mechanical wheel’, as revealed through the intertitle describing the Son’s club, human values are ultimately diminished. In alluding to the tradition of child sacrifice through the Moloch image, the workers are metaphorically made into â€Å"the living fodder for the machines†. This highlights Langà ¢â‚¬â„¢s warning about the innate dangers of selfish oppression, as he saw emerging out of the economic imperatives within the Weimar Republic. Despite this, Lang foregrounds mediation so that such contempt does not continue to diminish these values. The reverse angles between Grot and Frederson that suggest a space between them is contradicted against the subsequent two-shot of them standing on level ground on either side of the frame, with Maria in the middle facilitating mediation between their respective values. Lang is offering a positive reconciliation between the value of love after having been diminished by the selfishness of the upper class. Orwell portrays no such mediation in 1984, only a selfish valuing of power that engenders a similar disregard for others as it does in Metropolis. Orwell evokes the significance of values of love and sacrifice, identified by Winston as the ‘human heritage’. Winston reflects this through recalling his mothers gestures: â€Å"the enveloping protecting gesture of the arm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The present participle verbs â€Å"enveloping† and â€Å"protecting† suggest that her gestures, even when taken away, extend beyond the ordinary parameters of time. This reinforces Winston’s hope of the preservation of human values, that â€Å"if the object was not to stay alive but to stay human†, the goal is the continuity and preservation of the human heritage foregrounded in his mothers gestures. However, Orwell presents the conflict of the diminishing of this ‘human heritage’ to a mindless loyalty in the midst of the party’s selfishness thr ough reference to his mother again who ‘had sacrificed herself to a conception of loyalty that was†¦unalterable’. The past tense ‘sacrificed’ foreshadows the self-sacrifice she represented that has been lost which is further echoed in the drowning metaphor of his mother and sister ‘in the saloon of a sinking ships, looking up at him through the darkening water’. This recurring motif and the present participle â€Å"darkening† further reinforce the irrevocable diminishing of human values in the midst of the party’s selfishness. These ideas are ultimately foreshadowing Orwell’s fears of the control of totalitarian dictatorships he found emerging out of WWII.

Traditional Russian Foods

Tupac Shakur And The West - 1280 Words

â€Å"I’m a reflection of the community,† - Tupac Shakur. (3) For most artists, music creates a medium that can be used to express their thoughts and feelings to listeners, but for Tupac Shakur, known mostly as 2Pac, music became the medium in which he communicated not only his own struggles, but also the struggles of his community and his peers. (1) Tupac possessed an uncanny ability to express emotion through his lyrics, being able to tell detailed and tangible stories about the daily violence and crime that he witnessed while growing up in the impoverished community of East Harlem, New York (Tupac moved to Los Angeles when he was 17). (4) Tupac’s counterpart, Biggie, known as The Notorious B.I.G., became the main figure of east coast rap†¦show more content†¦(M) Another reason Tupac should rest on a tier of his own comes from his ability to connect to the hoi polloi not only physically, but emotionally as well. (L) Tupac gained fame by rapping about r eal issues that plagued the society that he lived in, setting Tupac aside from the rest of the rappers who only rapped about money, drugs, and woman. (S) Tupac really came onto the scene with the song â€Å"Brenda’s Got a Baby.† (L) The song provides a chilling tale of a young girl in his neighborhood who turned to prostitution as a means of supporting herself and her child, ultimately leading to her death. (M) With Tupac, â€Å"you can feel the emotion in every word he raps, and part of the reason why this happens is because he’s so versatile† (Holden). (L) Another song that had great influence on society and Tupac’s legacy, â€Å"Keep Your Head Up†, became a hit song when released in 1993, quickly climbing to the top of the music charts. (S) In the song, Tupac tackles the issue of the lack of appreciation for woman. (M) Tupac â€Å"took the struggles of living in poverty and the ghetto and turned it into poetry. At times he tried to sprea d positive messages in his music† (Art of Rap Music). (S) Tupac’s music will forever remain in the hearts of its listeners because of its emotion, power, and ability to relate to. By reaching the hearts of his listeners, Tupac has influenced many of the prolific rapper of today. â€Å"Tupac was the first one toShow MoreRelatedTupac Shakur - Turning Struggles Into Success1646 Words   |  7 PagesTupac Shakur – Turning Struggles into Success Violent lyrics, a bad-boy image, and a long criminal record are what attracted and connected millions of young adults to the now legendary rapper Tupac Shakur. Tupac was a man of contradictions; for example, his music degraded and also praised strong women. Tupac Shakur rapped about problems that inner-city black Americans could relate to, along with his legal and personal drama; you could not get away from Tupac in the 1990’s. From the womb to theRead MoreEssay On Tupac1498 Words   |  6 PagesTupac Shakur, also known as 2pac and Makaveli, is a hip-hop icon. Not only was Tupac just a rapper, he was also a poet, actor, and a philosopher. Many people refer to him as a â€Å"Rap God† and â€Å"The King of Rap†. Tupac was well-known for his â€Å"Thug† image, rap skills, and his many conflicts. He changed the world, especially with his music and meaningful lyrics. He was born in the 1970’s, during the time of high racism against African Americans an d the crack epidemic. While growing up in East Harlem, NRead More Tupac Essay1045 Words   |  5 PagesTupac When thinking of the Hip-Hop industry, one of the first names that comes to mind is Tupac Shakur. Shakur was born in the Bronx on June 16, 1971. He was reared by his mother Afeni Shakur who was an active member of the Black Panthers. Tupacs family later relocated to Oakland, California, where he spent much of his time on the street. 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Both his mother and father were members of the Black Panthers which was an African American organization formed to improve civil rights. At the age of 13, he   began his acting career in the production, â€Å"Raisin in the Sun† at the Apollo Theater. Tupac’s mother was single mother two and struggled with money, forcing them to move around a lotRead MoreTupac Shakur s The Rap Game1345 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1998, Tupac Shakur released the song, â€Å"Changes,† directly dealing with the war on drugs, the treatment of African Americans by police officers, and the struggles of living in the ghetto. Hip-Hop music in general tends to be very impactful towards the African American community. Tupac has always stood out in the rap game because of his ability to be poetic and show feelings while being a gangster rapper at the same time. Changes is one of Tupac Shakur s mo st famous songs. The rapper compromisesRead MoreCommemorative Manuscript on Tupac Shakur Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesCommemorative Manuscript on Tupac Shakur Central theme: Tupac was a very misunderstood individual, and a lot can be learned from his life. 1. When most people hear the name Tupac, they think of a tattooed thug, a gangsta rapper killed in a tragic shooting who only got what was coming to him, a man who lived by the gun, and who died by the gun. However, those people probably have never taken a chance to look beyond what their eyes tell them, past the ignorance and into the depths of the

Impact of Social E-Commerce Variables Customers Shopping Behavior

Question: Discuss about theImpact of Social E-Commerce Variables for Customers Shopping Behavior. Answer: Introduction: Electronic commerce or e-Commerce is a facility to trade products through internet and social media. Technologies like mobile commerce, e-fund transfer, inventory management system, supply chain management and online marketing are introduced with the emergence of e-commerce. In modern era, use of internet, World Wide Web and e-mail has increased transactions through e-commerce. Online shopping facilitates retail sales directly to the consumer. A transformation in electronic, entertainment, apparel and consumer goods industry has been brought about by the introduction of e-commerce (Abou-Shouk, Lim Megicks 2016). In e-commerce, the customer takes into account both the cost and the revenue at the same time. The process of cost and revenue analysis helps in making strategy decision related to marketing activity, which in turn significantly can affect the organizations profit. Technological advancement of electronic devices made information accessible to all in varieties of types, sizes and price. Thus, the current trend of business using World Wide Web internet, the organization in e-business occupies the centre area. The researchers found it important to study the extent to which these companies can affect e-commerce and e-business. The success and development of these companies depend much on the global trend of adopting World Wide Web internet. Consumer behavior studies the behavior of individual customers or group of customers. Design, price, packaging, positioning, income level, age, gender all factors influences consumer behavior. Theories of the consumer behavior deals with the emotion and psychology of a consumer while buying products. Consumers are considered as rational economic individual. Adaptation of digital technology has changed on large scale the buying behavior of the consumer. The purpose of this report is to find out the factors influencing online shopping and at the same time develop a comprehensive study on online-shopping behavior of the co nsumer. This report also deals with the factor that discourages consumers from the usage of online shopping. Literature Review: Ecommerce is defined as the activity of buying, selling and exchanging goods and services over Internet without any physical contact between the buyer and the seller. There are four categories of E-commerce. In B2B e-commerce business transaction between companies is conducted over Internet through electronic support. According to Hyun Shik Yoon, Luis G. Occena, the business enterprises that sale their products to the consumers over internet is known as B2C e-commerce. Online transaction of products and services between two customers is C2C e-commerce. In C2B, a business extracts value from the customers. Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior in Social E-commerce: Social Media: According to the journal named Social commerce constructs and consumers intention to buy by Nick Hajli, social commerce has evolved as a new stream under E-commerce. It has enabled the suppliers to reach the customers through increased interaction. It has become popular through social networking sites. Social trends bring changes in e-commerce. Therefore, it is important for e-commerce retailers to engage themselves socially. Initially, while purchasing a product e-commerce is mainly used for making online transactions like payments without visiting the store physically. Shopping is considered as a social activity where individuals are interested in visiting stores with their near and dear ones and share their experiences with their peers. With the use of e-commerce sites, shoppers expect a similar kind of social experience while transacting with the sellers. Studies have revealed that consumers buying decision are influenced by the decision of their peers. Choice of e-commerce sites , choice of brands are some of the factors that are influenced by the decision of their friends and relatives. Social media like Facebook, Twitter are social platforms where ideas get exchanged (Doolin et al., 2012). Retailers use social media as a platform to advertise their products. Brand name perception is shared and is modified by users on social platform. Thus, it becomes important for an organization to transform itself from an individual entity to a community entity. Visibility and awareness about the company products increases with the appreciation and recommendations on social networking sites. The strength of social media lies in its ability to spread the information worldwide (Fang et al., 2016). Thus, firms popularize their products using social media as the platform. Consumers pass through certain phases while making an online purchase. Nick Hajli suggested that social commerce has introduced a new model of business of online commodities. Social commerce support online communication between the customers and the suppliers. This process is done on with Web2.0 application. Thus, an online community is developed which encourage the customers to share their experience and knowledge about the online purchase f goods and services. Social Commerce Contrast: Customers buying online products have a different experience compared to the customers buying offline commodities. According to the researchers that social media act as the social platform where consumers socialize themselves. These platforms empower the consumers to share their experiences over social networking sites. Customers can readily post their reviews and ratings on a particular product. These reviews and ratings provide important information to the potential customers. These reviews and ratings help a product to gain popularity. Customer feedback and ratings increases the level of trust (Yadav, Rai Srivastava 2014). However, the identity of the customers giving the reviews affects the potential consumers level of trust. Fake reviews and ratings are often produced to popularize a product. In case of offline shopping, the customers interact with the vendors before buying a commodity. On the other hand, in online shopping consumers rely more on the reviews and ratings. The so cial platform facilitates these interactions among the consumers. Members of the social media participate in different groups to increase the level of interaction. Trust: According to psychologist, trust is a personality trait. Those having high propensity to trust others easily tend to buy online goods as said by Hyun Shik Yoon, Luis G. Occena. Trust is the focus in all economic activities. Uncertainty is the main factor in case of social transaction. Trust plays an important role when perceived risk is high. Social media increases the interaction between the people over internet. A study on social commerce shows that customers want to decrease the level of uncertainty and risk before buying any product. It is argued that e-commerce sites give a detailed account of the products and services. This is facilitated by the social networking sites. Here, customer loyalty plays a crucial factor role. Hyun Shik Yoon and Luis G. Occena suggested that customer loyalty increases the revenue and profit of a business, which in turn helps in its growth and success. Technology and information techniques tend to change consumer behavior. In case of traditional shopp ing, consumers have some expectations from the company they have chosen to buy the products. Customers satisfaction and dissatisfaction influences customer loyalty and trust towards a brand/company. Trust is an important factor in all successful transaction. After sale, feedback depends much on the factor trust (Flanagin et al., 2014). Online-shopping activity is carried through electronic medium. Therefore, the consumers cannot either touch or feel the product before buying. Based on the information provided by the retailer on the online-shopping portals, consumers make their buying decision. The availability of information with respect to time curbs decision of the consumers. Buying Intention: According to Hyun Shik Yoon, Luis G. Occena and Nick Hajli buying intention depends various factors: Social gender roles show distinctive differences in buying attitude. Purchasing behavior is different in a masculine society from that of a feminine society. In a masculine society, a male shopper does all the buying decision while in a feminine society a female consumer does all the purchasing decisions. Studies revealed that males are more prone to do online shopping and online transaction compared to females (Mohseni et al., 2016). People in the age group between 18-35 years prefer online shopping. It can be assumed that this group of population belonging to this age group is busy with their career, marital relation and occupational activity. Thus, they have less time to visit stores physically (Ghandour 2015). On the other hand population belonging to the age group 60-80 years are often found avert to online shopping due to lack of knowledge to use electronic gadgets. Globalization: Globalization takes business beyond domestic and national boundaries. Technological advancement is the main driving force of globalization. Consumers, investors, businesspersons are all actors in the process of globalization. E-commerce is a process of exchanging goods over internet. All geographical boundaries disappear in business through e-commerce, making all buyers and sellers potential consumers and suppliers. Amazon, Flipkart, eBay are a few examples of business-to-consumer transactions. Globalization promotes e-commerce and online trading (Corbitt, Thanasankit Yi 2013). E-commerce has enabled business to communicate and make transactions anytime and anywhere. Conclusion: In the modern era of internet, e-commerce is gaining popularity. A detailed analysis reveals the factors that influence e-commerce and online shopping behavior of the consumers. In the present time of technological advancement, E-business is a modern method of changing tools used by the organization. This report is done to identify the impact of social ecommerce variables on e-business. These factors have contributed to the fundamental changes in the process and nature of the business management. Globally e business sector has adopted the idea of e-commerce applications. The importance of this study is to judge the variables affecting the relationship between e-commerce and sales pursuit. Here, time is considered as a important factor in e-commerce and e-business. So from the point of view of business, with less time spend on each transaction, more transaction can be done on a particular day. This became a reason why e-commerce has replaced traditional way of shopping. For example, c onsumers with different income groups also have different approach towards acceptance of e-commerce. Higher income groups are more prone to buy goods and services over internet rather than physically visiting a store. On the other hand, low-income groups still prefer visiting stores physically while buying goods and services. Again e-business and e-commerce is much more cost effective compared to traditional way as e-commerce is useful in payment both from consumer and supplier side. In e-business, and transacting through e-commerce no middleman factor play here as in case of traditional business. Hence ecommerce is much more cost effective than traditional business. For example, Dell, a company in computer business, practices the methods of e-business without using any middleman. Retailers often exploit social medium to communicate with their potential customers. Social integration provides the retailers and the marketers to better understand the consumer behavior (Wang, Yu Wei 20 12). References: Abarbanel, B., Rahman, A. (2015). eCommerce market convergence in action: Social casinos and real money gambling.UNLV Gaming Research Review Journal,19(1), 4. Abou-Shouk, M. A., Lim, W. M., Megicks, P. (2016). Using competing models to evaluate the role of environmental pressures in ecommerce adoption by small and medium sized travel agents in a developing country.Tourism Management,52, 327-339. Agudo-Peregrina, . F., Hernndez-Garca, .,Acquila-Natale, E. (2016). The Effect of Income Level on E-Commerce Adoption: A Multigroup Analysis. Chiu, C. M., Wang, E. T., Fang, Y. H., Huang, H. Y. (2014). Understanding customers' repeat purchase intentions in B2C e?commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk.Information Systems Journal,24(1), 85-114. Corbitt, B. J., Thanasankit, T., Yi, H. (2013). Trust and e-commerce: a study of consumer perceptions.Electronic commerce research and applications,2(3), 203-215 Doolin, B., Dillons, S., Thompson, F., Corner, J. L. (2012). Perceived risk, the Internet shopping experience and online purchasing behavior: A New Zealand perspective.Electronic commerce: Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications, 324-345. Fang, J., Wen, C., George, B., Prybutok, V. R. (2016). Consumer Heterogeneity Perceived Value, and Repurchase Decision-making in Online Shopping: The Role of Gender, Age and Shopping Motives.Journal of Electronic Commerce Research,17(2), 116. Flanagin, A. J., Metzger, M. J., Pure, R., Markov, A., Hartsell, E. (2014). Mitigating risk in ecommerce transactions: perceptions of information credibility and the role of user-generated ratings in product quality and purchase intention.Electronic Commerce Research,14(1), 1-23. Ghandour, A. (2015). eCommerce Website Value Model for SMEs.International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies,6(2), 203. Gong, W., Stump, R. L. (2016). Cultural values reflected in the adoption of social networking sites.International Journal of Technology Marketing,11(3), 360-378. Leonard, L. N., Jones, K. (2015). Consumer-to-Consumer Ecommerce: Acceptance and Intended Behavior.Communications of the IIMA,14(1), 1. Mohseni, S., Jayashree, S., Rezaei, S., Kasim, A., Okumus, F. (2016). Attracting tourists to travel companies websites: the structural relationship between website brand, personal value, shopping experience, perceived risk and purchase intention.Current Issues in Tourism, 1-30. Wang, X., Yu, C., Wei, Y. (2012). Social media peer communication and impacts on purchase intentions: A consumer socialization framework.Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(4), 198-208. Yadav, M. K., Rai, A. K., Srivastava, M. (2014). Exploring the Three-Path Mediation Model: A Study of Customer Perceived Value, Customer Satisfaction Service Quality and Behavioral Intention Relationship.International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management (IJCRMM),5(2), 1-20. Yuan, X., Chu, K. (2013). When and how information quality matters: Perceived customer orientation and customer satisfaction.Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences,5(9), 105.

James Watt Essay Example

James Watt Essay James Watt is one of the most acclaimed personalities in physics. His work became a helpful contribution during the Industrial Revolution, which later became the bedrock of innovation in machineries.He is popularly accredited for his invention of the steam engine. In fact he modified the engine of   Thomas Newcomen to the extent that it became a practical, efficient machine capable of application to a variety of industrial tasks.Watts engine focused on the conversion of heat to mechanical work. It helped improve the understanding on the efficiency of heat engines which led to the development of the field of physics called thermodynamics.(http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/James_Watt)James Watt was born in Greenock, Scotland on January 19, 1736 to a chandler and joiner. Throughout his life he suffered serious attacks of migraines and toothaches,and at school both his peers and teachers took a poor view of this weakness. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) He was a thin and weakly child. A t grammar school, he fell in love with mathematics, but the recurrent attacks of migraine led him to stop going to school, so he devoted his time working in his fathers workshop instead. Watt felt happy with working in his fathers workshop so much that he did not go back to school.Watt learned carpentry from his father. His father primarily worked in shipbuilding and he taught Watt on how to build ships and crafts. Soon, Watt developed great skill in ship navigation, quadrants, telescopes, and compasses, and by his mid-teens he wanted to become an instrument maker. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)His father was supportive of him. Unfortunately, there was no opportunity for Watt to train in making instruments in Greenock because there were no instrument-makers there, so on advice, Watt went to Glasgow, Scotland in 1754, in an attempt to become an apprentice in instrument making. In Glasgow,   he worked with an optician and worked as an odd-job man for a year. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)In Glasgow , Watt became acquainted with a scientist named Robert Dick. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)Robert Dick, a university scientist, was impressed with Watts basic skills and knowledge in instrument making that he advised Watt to further   hone his skills in this trade in London.In London, Watt discovered that he could not get an apprenticeship because   the instrument makers protected their trade by rules of a body known as the Worshipful Company of Clock-makers. The only employment was for fully-trained instrument makers or trainees serving seven-year apprenticeships. Eventually, he was able to secure a position through unusual conditions. John Morgan, an instrument maker in London, set aside the rules and   took him in to be his apprentice on the condition that Watt would be given only a meager salary. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)With John Morgan, Watt learned the skills of instrument-making. John Morgan was   impressed with Wa tt that he agreed to shorten the period of apprenticeship from the required period of seven-years to a period of one year. Watt took the offer in 1755. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)Watt worked with vigor and passion. He was so devoted with his goal to be an instument-maker that he spent much of his time working and learning the art of instrument-making. During the period of his apprenticeship with John Morgan, Watt was able to surpass the skills of the official apprentice who was already working there for two years. He was so dedicated with his job that he worked 10 hours a day. After hours, he worked for a small amount of cash because the wage he received as an apprentice was not enough.(Porter, Ogilve, 2000)Watts health deteriorated because he spent long hours working with only a small amount of food. During this time, Britain was at war with France, and the military would force into service any able-bodied men. Watt avoided the streets for this reason and this contributed to the further deterioration of his health. Yet he persevered and was able to finish his apprenticeship until illness forced him to return to Greenock in 1756. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)After recovery, he set up a business as an instrument maker in Glasgow, but found that the other instrument makers shunned his credentials and training. However, the university professors recognized his abilities and encouraged him to work in the university. They agreed for Watt to set up a shop within its grounds and they created the position, â€Å"Mathematical Instrument Maker to the University. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)In 1757, he worked in Glasgow University where he proudly described himself as â€Å"Instrument Maker to Glasgow University. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)It was in this period that he developed the steam engine.During the Industrial Revolution in the years 1760 to 1830,   the economy of most part of Europe chan ged and the progress of developing technology accelerated. Technology was at the core of everything. The period was overflowing with engineers, mechanics, millwrights, and dexterous and imaginative tinkers who spent their time and energy designing better pumps, pulleys, pendulums, and other simple machines. It was at this time that the most famous invention during the Industrial Revolution was invented: the steam engine. (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/James_Watt)The first steam engine prototype was   built by a Frenchman named Denis Papin, but the first useful atmospheric steam engine was built in 1712 by a Cornish mechanic named Thomas Newcomen. Newcomens invention was used in Britain for almost half a century. The machine, however, was noisy and it used too much fuel. (www.us.oup.com/us/pdf/economic.history/industrial.pdf)One day in 1763, Professor John Anderson, a professor in the university, approached James Watt and showed him a lab-scale model of the Newcomen pum p to investigate why the model required so much steam. The model would stall after a few pumps. The machine proved to be temperamental and difficult to operate without air entering the cylinder and destroying the vacuum. He required Watt to repair the engine. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)Watt set on to investigate the problem. He discovered that the flaw was due to an undersized boiler that could not provide enough steam to reheat the cylinder after a few strokes. Aside from that, the Newcomen engine was inefficient, slow, and too costly. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)The Newcomen pumps required such vast quantities of steam since they were cooled during every stroke, then reheated. The steam in the cylinder was condensed by a jet of water, thus creating a vacuum that, in turn, was filled during the power stroke by the atmosphere pressing the piston to the bottom of the cylinder. On each stroke the cylinder was heated by the steam and cooled by the injected water, t hus absorbing a tremendous amount of heat. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)Watt needed a way to condense the steam without cooling the cylinder. The idea did not come to him overnight, it took him months to arrange his plans and to experiment. However, it was during one of his Sunday afternoon walks when the inspiration got to him. Watt later described the moment of inspiration:I had gone to take a walk on a fine Sabbath afternoon, early in 1765. I had entered the green by the gate at the foot of Charlotte Street and had passed the old washing-house. I was thinking upon the engine at the time, and had gone as far as the herds house, when the idea came into my mind that as steam was an elastic body it would rush into a vacuum, and if a communication were made between the cylinder and an exhausted vessel it would rush into it, and might be there condensed without cooling the cylinder. I then saw that I must get rid of the condensed steam and injection-water if I used a jet as in Newcomens engin e. Two ways of doing this occurred to me. First, the water might be run off by a descending pipe, if an offlet could be got at the depth of thirty-five or thirty-six feet, and any air might be extracted by a small pump. The second was to make the pump large enough to extract both water and air. . . . I had not walked farther than the golf-house when the whole thing was arranged in my mind.   (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)Watt was able to solve the problem of the Newcomen engine. He made a separate condenser, with this, he could keep the cylinder hot, and the condenser fairly cold by lagging, thus improving the thermal efficiency of the machine and the economics of its operation. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)He introduced a number of famous improvements to the steam engine until he was able to effectively make a different model, such as a separate condenser, the principle of double-acting expansion, improved gears, and regulators. Watt turned steam power from an at mospheric pump to a true steam engine. (www.us.oup.com/us/pdf/economic.history/industrial.pdf)Watts University friends introduced him to John Roebuck, an industrialist who held leases on coal deposits. Roebuck agreed to back the development of a full-scale engine after he saw the model work. He would finance the development of the engine. Watt developed a full-scale model which Roebuck used in his coal mine. However, the progress in developing the engine was slow because Roebuck did not employ machinists who were competent enough to do the job. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)In 1767, Watt traveled to England to acquire a patent for his engine with his Roebuck. The patent was granted in 1769. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)On his way to Scotland, he met Matthew Boulton. Boulton was a major manufacturer in Birmingham and had the financial capacity to exploit Watts engine. Eventually, Boulton was able to buy out Roebuck and he began manufac turing the engine.   Meanwhile, Watt moved to Birmingham and made his living as a canal surveyor from 1767 and 1774. Although he was successful at this, his health suffered, and so he joined Boulton in his shop. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)From 1775, Boulton and Watt formed a partnership. Boulton manufactured Watts engines   at the Soho Foundry, near Birmingham. Boulton hired highly skilled craftsmen who helped them develop the engine. They called the engine, Boulton-Watt engine.(http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)The engine was then used in mines. The Boulton-Watt engines became a success. Pumps were installed in mines and Watt became busy maintaining business at Cornwall mines.(http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)Over the next several years, Watt introduced further improvements on the design until it became more efficient than its predecessor.He developed a double acting engine. At age 45, Watt developed his next great invention.   The invention was the sun and planet gear system. By means of a mechanical linkage known as the parallel motion and an extra set of valves, the engine was made to drive on both the forward and the background strokes of the piston, and the sun and planet gear system permitted the rotative wheel to turn more than once per stroke of the piston This engine was quickly used by cotton and wooden mills. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)He was able to acquire the patents of the double-acting engine and the sun and planet gear system in 1781 and 1782. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)Between 1775 and 1790, Watt made other inventions. He invented an automatic centrifugal governor, which cut off the steam when the engine began to work too quickly and turned it on again when it had slowed sufficiently. He also devised the steam indicator which shows the steam pressure and degree of vacuum within a cylinder. He also invented a way of copying letters and drawings. (htt p://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)In 1782 a sawmill ordered an engine that was to replace 12 horses. In determining the price of his steam engines, Watt rated his engines in horsepower. After many experiments, he concluded that a horsepower was equivalent to 15,000kg/33,000 lb raised through 0.3m/ft each minute. This method of describing the capability of the engine continued until recent years. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)In 1785, Watt was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. During the last decade of the 18th century, the active management of the Soho Works was taken over by Boulton and Watts sons, and in 1800, when the patent rights to the engine expired, Watt retired from the business but he continued designing and constructing copying machines. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)Watt died on August 25, 1819 at the age of 83, leaving the legacy of highly useful machines. His original steam engine of 1765 is now in the Science Musem in London. His n ame has become immortalized as the unit of power; a watt is one joule per second, and one horsepower is equivalent to about 746 watts. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)

Free Essays on Same Sex Marriages From Moral And Spiritual Views

Same sex marriages from moral and spiritual views Although homosexual relationships have been going on since the beginning of time, the issue of same sex marriages is a relatively new topic of popular culture. The reasoning behind the push of this issue, one may conclude, is the evermore â€Å"liberal† stance of modern society. Currently, only one man and one woman can be joined in matrimony and have their marriage recognized by the state, except for residents of Massachusetts who successfully won a court battle for the right to get married. Same-sex couples were able to obtain marriage licenses in San Francisco, CA, and in several towns in New Mexico and New York for a short period in 2004. However, none of these people were able to register their marriages legally. There are places around the world that the idea of same sex marriages has been made legal. Most providences of Canada, for example, now allow same sex marriages and are seen as legally binding relationships. Other countries are close behind and will probably end up accepting the issue within a couple of years. The idea of same sex marriages is morally, ethically, and spiritually wrong. The definition of marriage is the union between one man and one woman, and changing this in any way totally demoralizes the very basis of the act itself. Some may disagree with this way of thinking, arguing that same sex marriage is a personal issue that does not, and will not affect anyone except the persons involved in the relationship. They may believe that it is a basic human right and choice of marriage partners should in no way be regulated by government. These same people may believe that every â€Å"sexual orientation† is essentially like every other, and relationships involving any and all â€Å"sexual orientations† shoul... Free Essays on Same Sex Marriages From Moral And Spiritual Views Free Essays on Same Sex Marriages From Moral And Spiritual Views Same sex marriages from moral and spiritual views Although homosexual relationships have been going on since the beginning of time, the issue of same sex marriages is a relatively new topic of popular culture. The reasoning behind the push of this issue, one may conclude, is the evermore â€Å"liberal† stance of modern society. Currently, only one man and one woman can be joined in matrimony and have their marriage recognized by the state, except for residents of Massachusetts who successfully won a court battle for the right to get married. Same-sex couples were able to obtain marriage licenses in San Francisco, CA, and in several towns in New Mexico and New York for a short period in 2004. However, none of these people were able to register their marriages legally. There are places around the world that the idea of same sex marriages has been made legal. Most providences of Canada, for example, now allow same sex marriages and are seen as legally binding relationships. Other countries are close behind and will probably end up accepting the issue within a couple of years. The idea of same sex marriages is morally, ethically, and spiritually wrong. The definition of marriage is the union between one man and one woman, and changing this in any way totally demoralizes the very basis of the act itself. Some may disagree with this way of thinking, arguing that same sex marriage is a personal issue that does not, and will not affect anyone except the persons involved in the relationship. They may believe that it is a basic human right and choice of marriage partners should in no way be regulated by government. These same people may believe that every â€Å"sexual orientation† is essentially like every other, and relationships involving any and all â€Å"sexual orientations† shoul...

Metaphor in Korean and Arab Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Metaphor in Korean and Arab Culture - Essay Example The modern theory of cognitive metaphor is developed in the works of many scholars, in accordance with which, â€Å"metaphor is an instrument of cognition, structuring and explanation of reality† (Lakoff, 1993, p. 217). Following J. Lakoff, we agree that â€Å"metaphor is located in thought and not in the language†. Metaphor is a source for something new and interesting. There is a certain cultural background in different metaphors because they reflect specific needs of target audience and key issues of life of different nations turn into the sources for further metaphorical derivates. For example, metaphors in American English are often associated with sports because active way of life has been always highly estimated among the Americans (Deignan, Gabrys, & Solska, 1997). Food metaphor is more appropriate for Chinese English because the nation is highly concerned about meals. Thus, family dinners on weekends symbolize unity and dominance of family. Sometimes, metaphors interpretations are similar or different. Thus, Chinese use sports metaphors and Americans use metaphors about food and the meaning of them would be the same. For example, in Chinese: â€Å"One cannot learn to swim in shallow water† meaning that one should go through thick and thin in order to become a professional. For Americans, a metaphor â€Å"to eat a piece of cake† meaning to get easy job. In accordance with J. Fauconnie and M. Therner, the essence of conceptual integration comprises the following: once a metaphor spawns, two sections of brain responsible for visual and abstract images are activated (Fauconnier, 1998, pp. 133-179). With regard to one of the claims of a cognitive metaphor theory: the principles of metaphorization processes are based on knowledge interpretation procedures, reflected in cognitive construction–frames (specific unified constructs of knowledge or experience connected by mental reflections) and scenarios (a generalized dynamic e xperience of human interaction with the world). A frame is characterized by â€Å"encyclopedicity†, i.e. cluster of various structurally generalized kinds of knowledge about a referent. Frames include basic, typical and potentially possible information associated with the concept. Frames can be inherent; they can emerge in the process of individual cognition or can be adopted via learning. Currently, the â€Å"theory of conceptual blending† is of high relevance. This theory was derived by A. Richards (1990) and has been followed by J. Fauconnie and M. Therner. The essence of conceptual integration comprises the following: once a metaphor spawns, two sections of brain responsible for visual and abstract images are activated (Fauconnier, 1998, pp. 133-179). Further metaphors in Arab and Korean languages are considered with respect to developments in the field of cognitive metaphor. It is supposed that two frames are actualized. Elements of these frames can have nothing i n common, but creation of a new metaphoric derivative happens as follows: Figure 1. Algorithm of a new metaphoric derivative creation Further considerations are about metaphors in Korean and Arab cultures. The Korean culture has the following key collective values, for example, social harmony, respect and mutual cooperation. Western culture is

Hospitality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Hospitality Management - Essay Example Wal-Mart offers a wide range of variety having more than 30 departments at all the outlets, that has rendered the company to be the market leader in general merchandise industry and it has consistently been able to secure the name in Fortune 500 (Walmart, 2014). â€Å"Saving people money to help them live better was the goal that Sam Walton envisioned when he opened the doors to the first Walmart ®. This focus drives everything we do at Walmart. And, for the millions of customers who shop in our stores around the world each week, it means they can trust that our brand means we have everyday low prices.† (Walmart, 2014). Currently the company does not have as such mission and vision statement while having one such statement may guide the customers and employees to integrate with the values and philosophy of the company. There are several internal and external factors that are responsible to generate opportunities as well as the threats for the company. Following is step by step evaluation of the factors through the matrices: The EFE matrix reveals that the company has been in relatively stronger position as the score is 2.81 which is greater than the average score of 2.5. However the score below 3.0 shows that the company is not in extraordinary position. The above internal evaluation reveals that the score is 2.92 which is above average i.e. 2.5 and is close to 3.0 and hence one can conclude that the company has been adequately strong from internal point of view. Its competitor company Costco Wholesale Corp has the current ratio of 1.19 and Target Corp has the ratio of 0.91 while the industry average is of 1.09. This shows that the company has not been able to maintain ability of fulfilling its short termed debts and in this regard it also lags behind its direct competitors. Its competitor company Costco Wholesale Corp has debt to equity of 4.75 and Target Corp with the ratio of 0.85 while that of industry is 6.95. This shows that

Chinese Naturalism over Metaphysical Dualism Essay Example for Free

Chinese Naturalism over Metaphysical Dualism Essay Chinese metaphysics challenges the Greek paradigm of metaphysical dualism with naturalistic metaphysics. They argued that harmonious relationships in society and tolerance for change were the essentials of life, instead of the belief that you must separate your body and mind. Socrates and Plato laid out most of the foundation for Greek philosophy, but in Chinese metaphysics, Confucius and Laozi are the main front runners. Chinese metaphysics takes root in Confucius’s work, Analects. In this work he described the four central virtues: ren, yi, li, and zhi. These stand for co-humanity, appropriate conduct, ritual propriety, and wisdom, respectively. Not only do these establish the harmonious relationships that naturalistic metaphysics builds on, but they also establish a way of life that examines individuals based on their character. Yi even allows for shades of grey because it can differ in many situations; with it being context sensitive, the most correct response is what the individual should attain for. This is what leads an individual in developing character in their natural relationships. Laozi, the credited founder of Daoism, pioneered Chinese cosmology and acknowledged the â€Å"Dao† as the source and ideal of all existence. He believed that humans were manifestations of the Dao, and that immoral acts upset the natural balance of the Dao. He is often given credit for the Daodejing, translated to mean primodial, however scholars argue that there are multiple authors to the text. This text has a central concept named wu wei, which literally means â€Å"do nothing.† This explains harmony with the Dao, ziran. This leads Laozi to emphasize simplicity and humility, instead of selfish actions. Chinese metaphysics really takes a deeper look into the relationships of individuals with their families and how their character affects the decisions they make. Greek philosophy leaves these fundamentals on the back burner, and instead looks at the separation of mind and body.

Moderate Drinking and Reduced Risk of Heart Disease :: essays research papers

Alcohol use has been widely studied and documented, as I have found in my research. One article in particular, "Moderate Drinking and Reduced Risk of Heart Disease" by Arthur L. Klatsky, appears to be a good source that I will be able to use in my final research paper. This article will be a good source for two main reasons: first, Klatsky's article adds to my knowledge of my research topic, and second, Klatsky provides good evidence for his claim. Thus, Klatsky's article will help me write my final research paper. I learned from this article that moderate drinkers have the lowest risk of coronary artery disease and death from cardiovascular disease when compared to lifelong abstainers and heavy drinkers. According to Klatsky, alcohol has "protective" effects. It raises the level of HDL (artery-clearing, high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol and lowers the level of LDL (artery-clogging, low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol in the blood stream (18). This information about a specific disease and its relation to alcohol is the kind I need to write a good research paper. In addition, Klatsky does a good job of defining "moderate" drinking, a definition that is essential to the article and to my research. He defines moderate consumption as one or two drinks per day (15). A "drink" equals one five-ounce glass of wine, twelve ounces of beer, or one and a half ounces of liquor, all of which contail one half an ounce of alcohol (15). I will use Klatsky’s definitions in describing "moderate" drinking. Klatsky also provides sound evidence to support his claims. He claims that moderate drinkers are at the lowest risk of death from cardiovascular disease and cites a study from the American Cancer Society. This nine-year study of 490,000 people showed a 30-40 percent lower mortality rate from cardiovascular disease among those who consumed one to two drinks per day (20).

Two Personalities, One Stripper

For the past two and a half years I have been living with my best friend, â€Å"Bailey†, who is like a sister to me in a lot of ways. This is especially true in regards to the way in which we are able to openly confide in each other about everything and anything, just like some sisters do. In fact, our relationship is so strong Bailey even feels safe enough to trust me with the intimate, detailed stories she brings home with her every weekend after working at Shot Gun Willie’s. If you haven’t guessed by now, my roommate moonlights as a stripper, and has been working as such for the past year. I chose to write about Bailey because of the various ways in which I have witnessed her having to mentally, and physically transform herself in order to cope with the trials and tribulations that come from working at a strip club. As well as the damaging repercussions this type of occupation has had on her overall perceptions of self, the world, and her relation to/in the world. It is also because of Bailey’s repeated exposure to the lustful, perverted, and greedy sides of people that the need to develop a completely new and separate persona arose, and Bailey’s alter ego â€Å"Kimber† was created. Throughout this semester, we have learned about many different theorists and their philosophies on the different, complex environments and experiences that help to contribute to the development of the human personality. For this paper I chose to use the concepts and ideas of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Melanie Klein, and Donald Winnicott. Soon after learning about the diverse beliefs each of these theorists attributed to the creation, enhancement, and hindrance of an individual’s personality, I started to see a correlation between them and the weekly conversations/stories my roommate and I had about her experiences working at Willie’s, and the psychological effects that were beginning to develop from constantly being in this type of environment. When looking at Bailey’s situation from a few of Freud’s perspectives we can see the development of defenses starting to take root. By this I mean that Bailey begins to unconsciously employ a number of â€Å"psychological means to help keep anxiety-provoking material out of her awareness in order to reduce or avoid anxiety† (Beneath the Mask, pg. 43). One of the ways in which Bailey does this is through what Freud conceptualized as being a type of neuroses he referred to as Defense Neuroses. To Freud, this type of defense originally arose from the ego’s attempt to protect our consciousness against threatening sexual thoughts. To e, this kind of neuroses is depicted in the formation of Bailey’s new belief that all men are lying, scummy perverts as a way of protecting herself against the idea that she is somehow dirty and perverted herself for being a stripper, and secretly liking to dance naked in front of strangers. This form of defense neuroses can also be seen through the way in which Bailey tries to keep her stripper life completely separate, and hidden from the rest of her life and the world by denying and suppressing any involvement in it, because of the fact that she feels guilty about finding some enjoyment in taking her clothes off for money. Bailey also uses another one of Freud’s neuroses techniques in order to avoid experiencing anxiety, called Obsessional Neuroses, which is a disorder that involves individuals engaging in ritualistic acts to help keep them from feeling anxiety. This can be seen through the way in which Bailey routinely comes home from work, and before doing anything else (i. e. taking off her makeup, wig, or stripper clothes) she must immediately sit down, and smoke one to two bowls of weed in order to forget, as well as dull the experiences of that night’s events. While still being a little high, Bailey must take two showers so that she can thoroughly clean her entire body with exfoliating soap and a scrub brush before going to bed. She referrers to these showers as her way of escaping from the people, mindset, and feelings work puts her in by watching all her problems being washed away and sucked down the drain. If Bailey does not perform one or both of these rituals she is unable to unwind from work, which in turn makes her become highly agitated, and overwhelmed with a sense of anxiety about being a bad person because of how she chooses to financially support herself. Bailey’s urge to incessantly scrub her body multiple times, represents her unconscious need to compulsively clean the outside of her body in order to no longer feel emotionally dirty or unclean on the inside. Another way in which Bailey uses obsessional neuroses to cope with being a stripper, and avoid the emotional anxieties that come with this occupation, is through her ritualistic preparation for work. As in, the way in which she routinely transforms herself from Bailey into the completely separate Kimber. The metamorphosis from Bailey to Kimber begins with a head to toe makeover so extreme Bailey becomes nearly unrecognizable. This detailed process involves such things as, the application of face makeup that is a few shades too dark for Bailey’s natural complexion, in turn making her look like she is tanner than she really is, followed by thick amounts of pink blush, heavy eye makeup, and fake eye lashes. Bailey then organizes an outfit for Kimber that contains such essential items as vibrantly colored fishnet stockings, eight inch silver platform stiletto high-heels, two G-strings, and last but not least a top and bottom set that barely leave anything to the imagination. The ritualistic transmutation into Kimber is finally complete when Bailey puts on her long platinum blonde wig, and modifies her voice to sound higher for the rest of the night until she removes the wig. Bailey routinely performs these practices in order to try and repress all the anxieties that arise from working in such an atmosphere, as well as maintain a level of disconnect from the kind of anxiety-provoking experiences that take place in the stripper world. If for some reason Bailey does not have the opportunity to change into her Kimber self, then she is almost instantaneously plagued with a sense of worry about not being able to make money because she is too much like herself, as well as the fear that someone will recognize her as Bailey, which to her signifies the end of her life and her world as she knows it. Through Freud’s perspective, both of these types of compulsive behaviors can be seen as a form of avoidance by means of distraction, as well as a type of self-imposed penance for â€Å"having engaged in behaviors that were pleasurable but deemed as being ‘bad’ † (Beneath the Mask, pg. 43). To me Bailey’s creation of â€Å"Kimber† represents a lot of different components to Carl Jung’s theories on personality, and its development. The first is Jung’s concept of the Persona Archetype, which is the â€Å"front we present to others, because social living makes demands for certain kinds of behavior† (Beneath the Mask, pg. 65). Society does this by establishing â€Å"certain expectations and certain roles around which we must hide our ‘private’ selves† (Beneath the Mask, pg. 165). It is in this way that Kimber has become one of Bailey’s more predominant personas, in that Kimber is the mask Bailey wears in order to hide her private self from the people she encounters while working in the strip club. At first, the construction of the Kimber persona seemed like a good buffer between the people at the club and Bailey’s private self, however this persona soon began to envelope Baily’s psyche. This happened because the Kimber persona was given the opportunity to take over the psyche through becoming too attached to certain aspects of the created persona, which was due to the need for its continual and constant use. It is in this way that Kimber’s experiences have altered Bailey’s views on life and the world. As a result of this, Bailey now perceives all of her interactions and experiences in the real world outside of the strip club too narrowly in relation to men, and their specific social role and function in the world. For example, Bailey cannot help but only see men in one of two ways. To her they are either a form of testosterone driven, easily accessible capitol, that takes little to no effort to manipulate and acquire, or they are cheap, dirt-bag assholes just looking to score with anything that walks. This type of black and white thinking is directly connected to the way in which Kimber categorizes, and views men at the club in order to make her nights there as lucrative as possible. This alteration to Bailey’s opinions of men represents just how strong and successful the persona of Kimber has become in taking over Bailey’s psyche. These changes in Bailey’s way of thinking have also coincidently led to a break in her Continuity of Self, which is the way she has perceived herself as being throughout her life up until this point. Meaning that because of the modifications to Bailey’s psyche that have developed out of the creation of her Kimber persona, Bailey now perceives her role within the world and society differently, due to repetitive personal and situational experiences in the club. For instance, Bailey now sees herself as having more personal power over men and people in general, because of the ways in which she has learned to use her sexuality as a manipulative tool. Conversely she now also has a lower sense of her overall self-worth, due to the fact that because she makes money solely off of her looks and nothing else, Bailey has begun to believe that this is all that she is with nothing more to offer the world. In turn this type of mindset has helped to create many diverse types of complexes ranging from the formation of different archetypal related complexes, as well as other male related issues. hen can also be seen in the reverse way Bailey has begun to see the role of women within the world, which is that they are either judgmental prudes or excepting sexual beings, in that they are either secure or not with their own sexuality enough to except or reject the fact that strippers are real people too, and that they shouldn’t be judged simply on the basis of occupational choices. terms of what her specific social role, and purpose is within society in relation to men, and their use in the world.

The Theory Of Personality Carl Rogers - 846 Words

Psychology Assessment Carl Rogers was a humanistic psychologist who developed the theory of personality. This theory helps us to understand human behaviour by looking at a person’s self-image and their actions and therefore shows that everyone is different. Rogers believed that people can achieve self-actualization through unconditional positive regard, congruence and genuineness. (McLeod, 2014) Self-actualization is when a person can reach their full potential and this happens when their self-image and ideal-self match. According to Rogers, a person’s self-image is the way in which a person sees themselves and their ideal-self is what they would like to be. A person’s self-image is created through their qualities and looks and by what they think of themselves. A person’s ideal-self is created by what they aim to be like, what they want to do more and what they would like do less. Self-image and ideal-self are two parts which create a person’s self-concept. Rogers believ ed there is a third part, self-esteem, which is the value that a person believes they have. High self-esteem is created when the self-image and ideal-self are equal. Sigmund Freud was a psychologist who believed that everyone had that same three different parts to their personality. These are called the ID, the ego and the superego. The ID is known as the childish part of our personalities. It wants instant gratification. The Ego is the rational part of the personality and is able to make the ID seeShow MoreRelatedCarl Rogers Theory of Personality2519 Words   |  10 PagesCarl Rogers Introduction Carl Rogers is among the small group of enlightened, visionary individuals that stand as giants in the field of psychology. Due to the theories that Rogers developed not only in psychology but in theories of education, he is considered, as Constance Holden writes, †¦one of the grand old men of American psychology and a leading figure in the postwar development of humanistic psychology (Holden, 1997, p. 31). This paper reviews his theory of personality, his approach toRead MorePersonality Theory Bandura Carl Rogers3322 Words   |  14 PagesRunning head: Albert Bandura Carl Rogers Compare and Contrast Social Cognitive and Humanistic Theories of Personality to the case study entitled Myesha Course: PSCY3017 Personality Theory II Personality is an intriguing component in psychology vital for the perception of human beings. Understanding and defining personality has proven to be a difficult task. It is so complex, in fact, that no single theory can adequately define it. 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Some persons will drive past a street child on Cape Town roads and look sideways in horror, quickly lock a car door with an unapparent elbow; warm, safe, and comfortable in the interior of a brand new sports model car. OthersRead MoreCarl Rogers’ Theory Of Personality. Personality Theories1093 Words   |  5 PagesCarl Rogers’ Theory of Personality Personality theories suggest explanations for behaviors and how to change them. Multiple personality theories exist however one of the most interesting is the theory of personality by Carl Rogers. 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Carl Roger’s self-centered theory was accreditedRead MoreFreuds and Rogers Theories of Personality Psychotherapy1004 Words   |  4 PagesFreuds and Rogers Theories Personality Psychotherapy A comparison of Freud and Rogers theories of personality and psychotherapy Personality is the description of an individual through how the individual demonstrates his or her emotions and building relationship and their behavioral patterns. Two neurologists developed two theories to explain the formation of personalities. They were neurologist Sigmund Freud and psychologist Carl Rogers. Rogers and Freud worked in the field of psychotherapy